Chapter 11- Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

study of continuity and change across the life span

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2
Q

Zygote

A

single cell that contains chromosomes from both sperm and egg

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3
Q

Germinal Stage

A

2 week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

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4
Q

Embryonic stage

A

period of prenatal development that lasts from the 2nd week until about the 8th week

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5
Q

Fetal stage

A

period of prenatal development that lasts from 9th week until birth

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6
Q

Myelination

A

formation of fatty sheath around axons of brain cell

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses

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8
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

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9
Q

Infancy

A

stage of development that begins at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months

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10
Q

Motor development

A

emergence of the ability to execute physical action

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11
Q

Reflexes

A

specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation

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12
Q

Cephalocaudal Rule

A

“top-to-bottom” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet

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13
Q

Proximodistal Rule

A

“inside-to-outside” rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery

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14
Q

Cognitive development

A

emergence of the ability to understand the world

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15
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it

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16
Q

schemas

A

theories about or models of the way the world works

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17
Q

assimilation

A

process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations

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18
Q

accommodation

A

process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information

19
Q

object permanence

A

idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible

20
Q

childhood

A

stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence

21
Q

Preoperational stage

A

stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have preliminary understanding of the physical world

22
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others’ minds

23
Q

conservation

A

notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object’s appearance

24
Q

formal operational stage

A

stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others’ minds and learn to reason abstractly

25
Q

egocentricism

A

failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers (–> False belief test with marble, box & drawer)

26
Q

theory of mind

A

idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently

27
Q

attachment

A

emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

28
Q

strange situation

A

behavioral developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child’s attachment style (4 attachment styles: secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized)

29
Q

internal working model of relationships

A

!!…(internal working model of attachment: a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure)

30
Q

temperaments

A

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity

31
Q

pre-conventional stage

A

a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor

32
Q

conventional stage

A

stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules

33
Q

postconventional stage

A

a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values.

34
Q

adolescence

A

period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years of age) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years of age)

35
Q

puberty

A

bodily changes associated with sexual maturity

36
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction

37
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction

38
Q

adulthood

A

stage of development that begins around 18-21 years old and ends at death

39
Q

Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development

A

1) sensorimotor stage
2) pre operational stage
3) concrete-operational stage
4) formal-operational stage

40
Q

Kohlberg’s view of moral development (3 stages)

A

1) preconventional
2) conventional
3) postconventional

41
Q

4 common expectations of the physical world (what babies know)

A

1) occlusion
2) support
3) solidity
4) kinetic transfer

42
Q

impetus theory

A

ball move A or B? physics experiment where ball will move in perpendicular direction of being hit by a spinning stick (tangential)

43
Q

spotlight effect

A

when one tends to feel embarrassed due to an overestimation of the significance something had on other people’s memory of him/her (wearer’s estimate vs. actual of remembering ugly t-shirt)

44
Q

change in physical vs. societal adulthood between past & present

A

past: physical shortly before societal
present: earlier physical and later societal, therefore large gap = longer adolescence