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BioBasis 2 PSB 4006 > Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

__ decrease other pleasures and increase __.

A

Addiction; risks

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2
Q

Drugs are commonly derived from __; NTs and hormones share __ with these chemicals.

A

plants; homology

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3
Q

A drug’s __ is a tendency of it to activate the receptor; its __ is its tendency to bind in the first place.

A

efficacy; affinity

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4
Q

Upon examination of the brains of substance abusers, similar abnormalities were found in their siblings. They also demonstrated similar stop-signal deficits (evaluates __ behaviors). What do these findings suggest?

A

inhibitory.

Findings suggest that abnormalities may predispose a person to an addiction, and that substance abuse didn’t cause the abnormalities.

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5
Q

The gene that produces what protein may pay a role in alcohol abuse (or non-abuse)?

A

The gene for acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase. It metabolizes acetylaldehyde (a metabolite of ethanol) into acetic acid, so lacking it makes you a cheap date and less prone to abuse.

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6
Q

People with less sensitive __ receptors tend to have difficulties inhibiting their impulses which can lead to alcohol abuse and/or __ behavior.

A

GABA; antisocial

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7
Q

There are 2 types of alcoholics. Name them and describe each.

A

Type I (type A): problems develop gradually, usually after 25. ⬇︎ genetic predisposition, ⬆︎ response to treatment.

Type II (B): early onset before 25 y/o. ⬆︎ genetic predisposition with a family history.

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8
Q

What kind of childhood behaviors serve as predictors of alcoholism?

A

Impulsive, easily bored; outgoing; sensation seeking/risk taking.

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9
Q

Sons of alcoholics showed __ intoxicating effects after moderate drinking. They report better __ relief from drinking. Their probability of becoming alcoholics was about __%. Same was true of __.

A

less
stress
60%
women

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10
Q

Almost all abused drugs increase the activity of what 2 NTs?

A

dopamine and norepinephrine

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11
Q

Rats that had an electrode implanted in the septum would self-stimulate up to 2K times per hour. What was happening when they pulled the switch?

A

Axons from this region were increasing the release of dopamine to the nucleus accumbens

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12
Q

This area of the brain is important for reinforcing activities. It projects to several areas of the __ cortex.

A

nucleus accumbens; projects to several prefrontal cortex.

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13
Q

Cocaine and amphetamine leads to greater __ than opiates.
Opiates impair __ more than stimulants.
However, very high doses of __ impair __ and __!!

A

impulsiveness
learning
stimulants; attention; learning

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14
Q

Addictive substances alter __ structure and __ expression in the brain.

A

neuronal; gene

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15
Q

Cocaine addiction causes all __ to be less __ - including the cocaine itself - which leads to __ consumption and potential __.

A

rewards; rewarding; increased; overdose.

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16
Q

Abstaining from cocaine causes synapses in the __ __ to become more __; specifically, response cues (aka __) facilitate the release of __ within the __ __ and causes excitation. Eventually these response cues decline.

A

nucleus accumbens; sensitized

reminders; glutamate; nucleus accumbens.

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17
Q

__ decrease the effect of a drug as an addition develops. Remarkably, __ is largely a learned response. Evidence to support this is in a study where rats given drugs in the same area show greater __ in that area.

__ can be weakened / unlearned with __ procedures: inject the site with saline so that the learned connection is weakened and __ is reduced.

A

Tolerance.
tolerance.
tolerance.
tolerance; extinction; tolerance.

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18
Q

__ withdraws vs. __ withdrawal:
both include symptoms relating to high anxiety such as sweating, diarrhea, and vomiting. __ includes additional symptoms such as hallucinations; convulsions, fever, and cardiovascular issues.

A

Alcohol v. opioid;

alcohol

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19
Q

Studies with rats have shown that receiving an addictive drug during a __ period is a powerful experience; they learned that the drug relieved the __ associated with __.
Rats that didn’t receive the drug during the __ period still tried to self-administer, but not nearly as much as the quasi-withdrawal group.

A

withdrawal; stress; withdrawal.

withdrawal

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20
Q

Medication to treat alcohol abuse includes __; it is an antagonist for __ __, the enzyme that helps alleviate the symptoms of a hangover. The __ works just as well, but that is likely due to the thought of being sick serving as an effective __.

A

Antabuse/disulfiram; acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase.

placebo; deterrent.

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21
Q

Mediations to treat alcohol abuse include taking syrup of __ immediately after drinking, or __. The latter is usually for opioid addition, but it also __ the pleasure from alcohol.

A

ipecap; Naloxone

reduces

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22
Q

What drug is a safer alternative to morphine and heroin? What makes it safer? What are the drawbacks?

A

Methadone.

It’s taken orally thereby reducing the risk associated with needles. In addition, oral routes mean slower absorption and metabolism - it reduces the rush and withdrawal. Main drawbacks are that it must be taken daily, and it doesn’t cure the addiction.

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23
Q

__ __ is a condition where people feel sad and helpless every day for __ at a time. The __ __ becomes less responsive to rewards. List symptoms.

A

Major depression; weeks.
nucleus accumbens.
Hopeless, deficits of cognition and attention; aches, fatigue, worthlessness, insomnia and others.

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24
Q

Early-onset depression v. late-onset:

Early: before __ y/o. Usually have other __ with depression or a slew of other conditions (IBS, anxiety, etc). It tends to be more __ and longer lasting with increased __ tendencies.

Late: after __ y/o. Usually have a high probability of relatives with __ problems…??? wtf

A

30 y/o.
relatives
severe; suicidal

45 y/o.
circulatory

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25
Q

Two __ transporter genes have been ID in association with people suffering from MDD: a __ type and a __ type. 2 __ alleles have a major increase in probability of developing MDD. 2 __ alleles have only a slight increase in probability. Heterozygotes have an __ probability.

NOTE: the __ allele increases __ reactivity overall, not just the bad stuff.

A

serotonin; short; long.
short; long; intermediate.

short; emotional.

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26
Q

Describe the abnormalities of hemispheric dominance with regards to a predisposition of having MDD. How does this dominance shift over time? Where do people with MDD gaze when doing verbal tasks?

A

Decreased activity in the left prefrontal cortex (the live, laugh, love).
Increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
It doesn’t shift; the abnormalities are consistent, even when they’re not depressed.
MDD gaze to the left (as directed by the right!).

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27
Q

There are several categories of antidepressants: __ act on 3 major NTs; __ are similar to the first but act only on 1 NT; __ block the enzyme that metabolizes major NTs.

A

tricyclics; SSRIs; MAOIs

28
Q

Name the NTs that tricyclics act upon and how it works.

A

Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.

It blocks the transporter protein that reabsorbs the NTs, so the NTs stay in the synapse longer.

29
Q

How to SSRIs work?

A

They block the transporter protein that reabsorbs serotonin.

30
Q

How do MAOIs work?

A

They are MAO antagonists; this makes available more catecholamines and serotonin in the presynaptic cell to release during an AP.

31
Q

Ketamine is an atypical antidepressant that acts as a __ antagonist, specifically at __ receptors. One drawback is that it induces __ and doesn’t last long.
Another atypical antidepressant is an herb called __ __ __, but it increases liver enzymes that break down plant toxins which also breaks down most __.

A

glutamate; NMDA; hallucinations.

St. John’s wort; medicines

32
Q

People with depression have normal levels of neurotransmitters, but lower than average __ __ __ __ which is important for __ plasticity, learning, and proliferation of new neurons in the __.

As a result of this deficiency; people have smaller than average __, impaired __, and reduced production of neurons in the __.

A

brain-derived neurotrophic factor; synaptic; hippocampus.

hippocampus; learning; hippocampus

33
Q

In addition to antidepressant drugs, what else has been shown to be equally effective? What do brain scans show about both treatments? Which is more likely to last?

A

Psychotherapy.
Both antidepressants and psychotherapy activate the same brain areas (increased metabolism).
Psychotherapy is more likely to last.

34
Q

When antidepressants and psychotherapy don’t work for very severe depression, what’s an option? What does it do to the brain, and what does it do to brain chemistry? What are the drawbacks?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy.
It induces a seizure in the brain; and it increases BDNF.
Drawbacks include higher relapse, and while it’s fast acting, it doesn’t last long.

35
Q

Research on rats shows exercise increases __ and __.

__-_ and __ vitamins contribute to neuronal health.

A

serotonin and BDNF.

Omega-3s and B vitamins

36
Q

What is remarkable about the sleep patterns seen in depressed persons? When do they go into REM? What 2 changes to sleep habits can alleviate depression?

A

Depressed persons seem to be much more phase-advanced.
They go into REM soon after falling asleep, and they stay in REM longer.
They are less depressed if they go to bed much earlier, or oddly when they are sleep deprived.

37
Q

When a depressed person goes to bed at a “normal” time, who does their sleep quality resemble?

A

Their sleep quality resembles a normal person who goes to bed several hours late (going into REM too quickly and feeling lousy the next day).

38
Q

Most people with SAD have a mutation one of the genes that regulates this system.

A

The circadian rhythm.

39
Q

After antidepressants, psychotherapy, and ECT have failed, the last resort is __ __ __. This is a neurosurgical procedure involving placement of a __ which sends electrical impulses to target areas in the brain. The target areas are the __ as those that increase activity using other methods. Most people show __ improvement.

A

deep brain stimulation.
neurostimulator.
same
gradual

40
Q

MDD is also refered to as __ disorder and is characterized by alternating states of __ and depression.

__ disorder is characterized by alternating states of extreme depression and __ or __.

A

unipolar; normality

Bipolar; hypomania; mania

41
Q

There are 2 categories of bipolar disorder, name and describe each. What is significant about glucose metabolism in the brain during manic episodes?

A

BP I: full blown mania.
BP II: milder manic phases called hypomania

Glucose consumption in the brain is higher during periods of mania.

42
Q

T or F: bipolar disorder is a genetic disease.

A

False: there are genetic components, but not single gene is responsible.

43
Q

The first and most successful treatment for bipolar disorder is __. It acts on neurons of the __ by alleviating __ seen in these patients. Getting adequate sleep also helps as sleep deprivation can increase __.

A

Li+
hippocampus; hyper-excitability.
mania

44
Q

__ is a severe mental disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Symptoms include __ (false sensory experiences), __ (unrealistic thoughts or ideas), disorganized __ and __, and weak __ expression.

Diagnosis includes __ everyday functioning and 2 more symptoms listed above with one of those symptoms being from the first __ listed.

A

Schizophrenia
hallucinations; delusions; behavior and speech; emotional

deteriorated/impaired; two (hallucinations, delusions)

45
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are behaviors that are __ but should be __. Negative symptoms are behaviors that are __ but should be __. List some examples of each.

A

present; absent. Examples: hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, disorganized speech and behavior.

absent; present. Examples: no emotion, no social interactions, nothing induces joy; no motivation, speaking and moving much less than normal.

46
Q

Cognitive deficits in __ include logical thought/reasoning, maintaining focus, and memory. One exercise that can induce these impairments in healthy individuals is to present a series of pictures lasting 30 seconds each and tell a __ about each one. When a picture repeats, the __ must change. You must also pay attention to every second __ displayed on a screen; when it repeats, you must press a key.

Doing this task reduces __ and burdens __ memory in the __ lobe making the stories incoherent and disorganized like a __.

A

schizophrenia
story; story.
letter.

attention; working; frontal; schizophrenic

47
Q

A limitation of __ memory could explain several aspects of __.

A

working; schizophrenia

48
Q

A __ diagnosis is one that __ out other conditions with similar symptoms. For schizophrenia, other conditions could be __ disease, __ deficiencies or allergies, __ damage, and __ abuse (esp those that cause __).

A

differential; rules

Huntington’s; nutritional; brain; substance; hallucinations

49
Q

Schizophrenia occurs in all __ groups around the __. It’s more common in __ than in __ areas, and is especially common for people who grew up in __. It’s more common, more severe, and earlier onset for __ than it is for __.

A

ethnic; world
cities; rural; cities.
men; women

50
Q

What role do genetics play in schizophrenia? What are the limitations of the evidence of a genetic role? What is remarkable about DZ twins vs. siblings?

A

There is no one gene, but there is a high concordance amongst monozygotic twins of about 50%.

If it was purely genetic, concordance would be much higher than 50% among MZ twins.

DZ twins have almost twice the rate of concordance. Sibs and DZs share the same amount of genetics, but DZs have almost identical environments suggesting an environmental role.

51
Q

The __ hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that it begins with abnormalities during the __ or __ development of the nervous system based on genetics or other influences such as __ infections, allergies, or dietary __.

Supporting evidence include several __/__ developmental issues linked to schizophrenia; and schizophrenics have minor __ abnormalities early in life.

A

neurodevelpmental; prenatal; neonatal; viral; deficiencies.

prenatal / early; brain

52
Q

Intermediate risk factors for development of schizophrenia include living in a __ __, prenatal or early infection with __ __ (__ are commonly found in patients with schizophrenia, MDD, OCD, and bipolar disorder).

A

crowded city; T. gondii

antibodies

53
Q

Low risk factors for developing schizophrenia are issues affecting brain __ such as __ birth, low birth __, complications of __, poor prenatal __; early childhood __ injuries, and extreme exposure to __ by the mother, including prolonged __.

A

development; premature; weight; childbirth; nutrition; head; stress; illness.

54
Q

__-__-__ effect is the tendency for people born in __ to have a slightly greater chance of developing schizophrenia than people born at the times of the year. This may be due to increased incidence of __ infections (retroactive testing revealed __ antibodies in maternal serum). Although the __ may not cross the placenta, __ from the mother’s immune system can, and these can impact __ development, as well as __ caused by the infection.

A

Season-of-birth; winter.
viral; flu
virus; cytokines; brain; fever.

55
Q

In examination of DZ twins, the schizophrenic twin had less __ and __ matter; with the former especially true in the __, __ (fear center) and __ (relay center). The schizophrenic twin also had larger __.

A

grey and white; hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus.

ventricles.

56
Q

Schizophrenics have __ than average connections from the dorsolateral __ cortex (__ memory) to other brain areas. Evidence of the deficiency are demonstrated when playing the __ card sorting task; a task in which the rules __ during play, and shifting to a new __ activates the __ cortex - a problem for schizophrenics.

A

less; prefrontal; working

Wisconsin; change; rule; prefrontal

57
Q

The majority of schizophrenics recover from their first episode, but have one or more __ in their lifetimes. About 25% have a __ disorder throughout life (possibly due to poor support); while another 10% - 20% have no __.

A

relapses.

serious; relapses

58
Q

Why is schizophrenia not usually diagnosed before 20 or later?

A

The frontal lobe (working memory) isn’t fully developed until 20s, so it won’t manifest until then.

59
Q

All drugs used to treat schizophrenia block __ type __ receptors. This leads to the __ hypothesis of schizophrenia: the idea that schizophrenia results from excess activity at __ synapses in certain brain areas, such as the __ __. Evidence to support are drugs that cause __-__ psychotic disorder (cocaine, amphetamines) - these all increase __ at the synapses.

A

dopamine; D₂
dopamine; dopamine; basal ganglia.

substance-induced; dopamine

60
Q

1/3 of schizophrenics fail to respond to drugs that block __. This leads to the __ hypothesis of schizophrenia which proposes that there is deficient activity at __ synapses, especially in the __ cortex. In fact, increased __ produces nearly the same effects as decreased __ (inverse relationship). Findings have consistently identified decreased __ release in the __ cortex.

A

dopamine.
glutamate; glutamate; prefrontal
dopamine; glutamate
glutamate; prefrontal

61
Q

__ is the old term for mild cases of autism spectrum disorder. ASD is a __ of psychological disorders marked by impaired __ and __ exchanges as well as other symptoms. Responses to stimuli are at either __ (indifferent to __, panic induced by a __). There’s no evidence of variability by any demographic other than __ (more boys than girls are affected).

A

Aspergers.
family; emotion; social.
extreme; pain; sound.
gender

62
Q

20% of patients with ASD show what kind of brain abnormality?

A

Enlarged brain as infants/toddlers, but they grow into it.

63
Q

One notable characteristic about ASD is __ contact. During infancy, __ contact is normal, but it becomes dysfunctional as they __. Persons with ASD are also very resistant to __, and deficient in reading __ expressions or other __-__ communication.

A

eye
eye; age
change; facial; non-verbal

64
Q

Genetic causes for ASD include a variety of genes, with many cases of ASD resulting from __ or __ in one or more genes. Most are inherited from the __, especially __ ones.

A

mutations; microdeletions.

Father; older (older spunk is no bueno).

65
Q

The risk of ASD increases with prenatal exposure to __ (bug killers), __ (in paint, nail polish remover, etc.), __ (smell-good), or air __. In addition, 12% of mothers with ASD children have antibodies that attack specific __ proteins - in fact, monkeys that were infused with these antibodies had offspring that __ social contact. Prenatal __ acid supplements reduce the probability of ASD by 50%.

A

pesticides; solvents; perfumes; pollutants.
brain; avoided.
folic

66
Q

There are no treatments for the __ problems of ASD (deficient __ behavior and __); but Risperidone, an __ drug, has been used to treat __ behaviors, but it has serious side affects. Behavioral treatments focus on __ of favorable behaviors.

A

central; social; emotion; antipsychotic; stereotyped.

reinforcement

BioBasis 2 PSB 4006 (7 decks)

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