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BioBasis 2 PSB 4006 > Chapter 13 - Lateralization of Function > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Lateralization of Function Flashcards

1
Q

__ is the division of labor between hemispheres. The __ __ is a set of axons that facilitates this division; however, there are 2 other minor commissures that connect the hemispheres: the __ commissure, and the __ commissure.

A

Lateralization.

Corpus callosum; anterior; hippocampal

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2
Q

What is remarkable about the 20% of left-handers that are right-hemisphere dominant for language (but makes perfect sense)?

A

They are more strongly left-handed dominant (most other left-handers are somewhat ambidextrous.

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3
Q

The brain treats speech as special from the beginning of life - what supports this?

A

fMRI studies of 2 month olds show more activity in the left hemisphere when listening to speech (not true for music, tho!!!)

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4
Q

The part of Wernicke’s Area that is larger in the left than in the right hemisphere is the __ __ (part of the __ cortex). This distinction is notable even at the __ stage of life.

A

planum temporale; temporal

prenatal

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5
Q

In human vision, each visual field is projected to the __ side of the retina, and that image travels through the __ __ and to the __ side of the hemisphere. This effectively __ the axons from each eye.

A

contralateral; optic chiasm; ipsilateral

divides

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6
Q

Audition travels to __ hemispheres for sound __, but the __ side is strongest.

__ of sound includes the __ of the sound waves (one is direct, the other creates a sound __), and the __ of sound (i.e. which ear hit first)

A

both; localization; contralateral

Localization; intensity; shadow; timing

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7
Q

There are 2 surgical options for relieving epilepsy (a condition categorized by repeated episodes of excessive __ neural activity):

  1. remove the __ (point were seizure begins).
  2. Cut the __ __.

The impacts of the second option are that seizures will affect only __ of the body, and there will be __ seizures because it can’t __ between each hemisphere.

A

synchronous
focus
corpus callosum

half; less; bounce

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8
Q

Patients who’ve undergone surgery to the corpus callosum are called __-__ people. They can use their hands __, but they struggle with __ tasks they hadn’t learned pre-surgery.

Some __-__ people can alleviate the deficits due to the presence of the __ and __ commissures.

A

split-brain.
independently; coordinated

split-brain; anterior; hippocampal

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9
Q

Re. split-brain people:
Stimuli in the __ visual field projects to the __ hemisphere. Patients can point with the __ hand and verbally ID the stimuli.
Stimuli in the __ visual field projects to the __ hemisphere. Patients can point __ hand, but they can’t access the language of the __ hemisphere, so they fail to describe it.

A

right; left; right

left; right; left; left

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10
Q

What is remarkable about the corpus callosum between the ages of 3 and 5? Describe an experiment that used fabric.

A

It develops slowly, so 3 y/o resemble split-brain people.

Children were asked to touch fabric with each hand and describe what they felt. 5 y/o did fine (mature CC); 3 y/o did ok touching one at a time, but made many errors when touching both fabrics with both hands.

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11
Q

Any 2 neurons connected by the corpus callosum must have what? What if they don’t?

A

They must have a corresponding function. If they don’t develop corresponding functions, the connection is pruned.

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12
Q

The __ of the left hemisphere tends to to invent an explanation for action when the true cause is __ (tendency to invent and defend explanations).

A

interpreter; unconscious

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13
Q

Scenario: the left hemisphere sees a chicken claw; the right sees a snow scene. The right hand points to a pic of a chicken, the left points to a shovel.
The pt. states the reason for pointing at the shovel is to p/u all that chicken shit.
What caused this phenomenon?

A

The interpreter inventing a reason for pointing at the shovel even though they unconsciously saw snow.

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14
Q

The right hemisphere controls __ reasoning (helps with directions), recognition of __ expressions; and __ (in opposition with language). Because of this, damage to the right causes failure to understand __ and __ (they take things very literally).

The left hemisphere controls __, __ thinking (like math) and __ reasoning.

A

spatial; facial; music.

humor; sarcasm

Language, computational, and logical.

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15
Q

When viewing an image of an H composed of Bs, the __ hemisphere shows more activity when contemplating the H; the __ hemisphere shows more activity when contemplating the Bs.

This demonstrates that the __ hemisphere focuses on details, but the __ sees overall context.

A

right; left

left; right

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16
Q

When looking at split images of smiling/neutral faces, which image appears happier to most people?

A

The image with the smile on the left half (which projects to the right hemisphere responsible for emotional facial expressions).

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17
Q

When tapping with the right hand at a specified rate, what happens when the person is instructed to talk?

What happened when people with left hemispheric damage saw video of people describing themselves honestly, then fibbing? How did it compare to normal patients?

A

The rate of tapping decreases.

Those with left damage had to rely more on the right hemisphere’s ability to read facial expressions, so they were able to guess correctly more than normal people (who did no better than chance).

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18
Q

Ants communicate with __, bees with a __ __, and birds with __ __. Humans use __.

A

chemicals; waggle dance; bird calls.

language

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19
Q

Animal communication v. language: animals lack __, so they can’t be as __ as human language. Also, they lack __: the ability to improvise new __ of signals to represent new ideas (or produce new signals).

A

flexibility; specific.

Productivity; combinations

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20
Q

Chimps can’t use our language because they breath __ when they vocalize.

Learning ASL is possible but limited due to lack of __ (inability to __ signs to convey more abstract thinking).

A

inward.

productivity; combine

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21
Q

Matata was taught ASL by humans and was mediocre. Her kids Kanzi and Mulika learned by watching mom, and really excelled (they’d request humans chase each other). Why the difference?

A

Both started when they were very young. Also, they both learned by observation and imitation rather than formal training, which may have facilitated better comprehension.

Bonobos may also be better overall at language than chimps.

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22
Q

Alex the Grey could answer questions that required __ thinking.

A

abstract.

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23
Q

What are some of the implications for studying language in nonhumans?

A

To gain insight into teaching special needs persons with damage, autism, etc.

Also as an evolutionary clue to how humans evolved language from precursors to language in other species.

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24
Q

__ plus __ __ may have been precursors to spoken language. All primates __. Monkeys use several __ __ to with rhythm similar to speech; and their known to watch __ movements when another is vocalizing.

A

Sound; mouth gestures.
gesture.
mouth gestures; mouth

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25
Q

There are 2 brain language theories: (1) language is a __-__ of overall brain development; (2) language evolved as a __.
The first is likely debunked due to the fact that people with mutated __ gene still have average intelligence. Also, people can have good language with deficient intelligence as seen in __ syndrome.

A

by-product; specialization

FOXP2.
Williams

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26
Q

People with __ syndrome demonstrate poor __, impaired ability to remain __, and trouble with __ control. Their __ skills are flowery; they can clap to __ rhythms, and they can interpret __ expressions. Their physical feature are __ eyes and small, __-__ teeth.

A

Williams; planning; focused; impulse.
language; complex; facial.
blue; widely-spaced

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27
Q

What happened when a Williams syndrome patient drew an elephant? When they described what they drew?

A

The drawing was an epic failure.

The description was full of flowery language and sounded old-timey

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28
Q

Chomsky and Pinker proposed that humans have a __ __ __: a built-in mechanism for acquiring language. What evidence supports this (2 using children).

A

language acquisition device.

  1. Children learn language with ease and without formal training.
  2. Deaf children learn their own sign language (if not taught) even in the absence of audio input.
29
Q

__-__ are deaf people who are not exposed to formal sign language, but devise their own and follow the same milestones of communication as their hearing counterparts.

Turns out, signing and spoken language are __ by the same __ area.

A

deaf-isolates.

processed; brain

30
Q

Bilinguals are better at attention __ which makes them better at __. They show __ activation during speech for __ languages; but if they learned after _ years of age, they show only __ hemispheric activity.

If learning a second language after __, they won’t ever achieve the same level of __.

A

shifting; multitasking.
bilateral; both; 6; left.

12; fluency

31
Q

Knowledge of brain mechanisms of language come from the study of people with __ __ and suffer from __: a language impairment.

A

brain damage; aphasia

32
Q

Where is Broca’s area? Wernicke’s?

A 
Broca = Left frontal lobe. 
Wernicke's = left temporal lobe
33
Q

Broca’s aphasia is also called __ aphasia; people have deficient speech __, not speech __. They speak __ and deliberately; and their deficiency extends to __ and using __ __.

A

nonfluent; production; comprehension.

slowly; writing; sign language.

34
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia is also called __ aphasia and is characterized by impaired __ of language (spoken, __, and __ __), not impaired __.
Typical characteristics include __ (difficulty recalling names of things); but they speak __.

A

fluent
comprehension; written; sign language; production
anomia; fluently.

35
Q

Broca’s v. Wernicke’s:

  1. Pronunciation: __ v. __
  2. Content of speech: __ and __ (__ and connecting words are omitted) v. grammatical but __ and frequent __.
  3. Comprehension: Ok, but impaired if __ grammar changes the meaning v. __ impairment.
A
  1. Poor v. normal
  2. Nouns and verbs; prepositions v. nonsensical; anomia.
  3. complex v. serious.
36
Q

Which area is strongly activated when musicians sight-read?

A

Broca’s

37
Q

__ is a specific impairment of reading in a person with adequate intelligence. It affects more __ speakers than any other language. More __ than __ are diagnosed with it. __ movements are impaired. Fixation point tests reveal they can focus __ - __° off center. They have difficulty with __ (way of life v. lay of wife).

A 
Dyslexia; 
English; 
boys; girls
eye
5 - 10
spoonerisms
38
Q

Regarding the mind-body/brain problem, Decartes defended __, the belief that the mind and body are different substances (quasi-__ contradicted by __). He proposed that the mind and body interact at a single point - the __ __.

A

dualism; religious; physics.

pineal gland

39
Q

__ is the belief that the universe consists of only one substance (matter). Categories include:
__: everything is physical
__: the physical world can’t exist w/o a mind that’s aware of it. Ok there, buddy.
__ __: mental processes and the brain are the __. The mind is simply the activity taking place in the __ in the same way that fire is simply what happens to __ objects.

A 
Monism
materialism
mentalism
identity position; same.
brain; flammable
40
Q

Chalmers proposed the __ problem and the __ problem of consciousness.
The __ problem: wakefulness v. sleep.
The __ problem: why is there a such thing as consciousness?

A

easy; hard
easy
hard

41
Q

For research purposes, __ is defined as capable of reporting the presence of a __. Pre-lingual children and animals are not __ by this definition.

A

consciousness; stimulus

covered

42
Q

Three methods devised to study consciousness include __ __ (procedure of making a __ object impossible to see by presenting flashing objects simultaneously); __ (use of a preceding and succeeding stimulus to block another stimulus); and __ __ (use of a succeeding stimulus to block a preceding stimulus).

A

flash suppression; stationary;
masking;
backward masking

43
Q

An experiment using masking was conducted. First, participants were exposed to a word for 29 ms, but it was preceded/succeeded by a blank screen. Then the participants were exposed to a word for 29 ms, but instead of a blank screen, there were masking patterns. What were the findings?

A

Blank screen = 90% correct

Masking = almost all failed every trial.

44
Q

Consciousness of a stimulus depends on the __ and __ of brain activity. When you see something that you recognize, precisely __ waves of 30 - 50 Hz, known as __ waves, appear in several brain areas.
In a nutshell, conscious stimuli __ responses for neurons in various brain areas.

A

amount; spread.
synchronized; gamma

synchronizes

45
Q

__ __ is a phenomenon where alternating conscious perceptions occur when someone views incompatible displays in each eye.

A

Binocular rivalry;

46
Q

During binocular rivalry experiments, how is attention divided? What might impact the division of attention, and what does this imply about consciousness?

A

It’s unequal and it alternates.

An EMOTIONALLY-CHARGED stimulus, like your name or an emotional face, will switch consciousness faster and stay longer. This implies that unconscious stimuli is being MONITORED.

47
Q

Binocular rivalry experiments reveal that much brain activity is __ and that even __ activity can influence __

A

unconscious; unconscious; behavior

48
Q

When stimuli reaches a certain __, activity is magnified and you become conscious of it. This is why scientists say consciousness is a __ phenomenon (or a __-__ phenomenon since it crosses the __ or doesn’t).

A

threshold

threshold; yes-no; threshold

49
Q

The timing of consciousness is such that a __ exist between an event and our consciousness of it.

This explains the __ phenomenon: the tendency to see something as though it were __ when in fact it’s just alternately blinking on and off in different positions.

A

delay.

phi; moving

50
Q

Experiment: you see lines for 50ms, and you have to give the angle of the lines. It’s a difficult task, but it’s made easier when a cue flashes 400ms afterward telling you if the lines were on the left or the right. What is that secondary stimulus doing/causing?

A

It causes an INCREASE in the PROBABILITY that the initial stimulus will BREAK the THRESHOLD, and it increases our accuracy of IDing the correct angle.

51
Q

Anesthesia causes __ thereby decreasing connectivity between several brain areas such as the __ (relay station), the __ (sub relay), and the __ __. Initial recovery involves __ the areas followed by increased activity in the __.

A

hyperpolarization; thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia.

reconnecting; cortex

52
Q

fMRI has been used to examine persons in a vegetative state. What were these patients able to do?

A

Some could answer yes/no questions (they were asked to visualize playing tennis for “yes”, or waling through their house for “no”.

53
Q

__ stimulation has been used to active a localized brain area, then an EEG was used to record the spread. What was the finding for anesthetized and vegetative patients? Minimally conscious state? What might this be useful for?

A

Magnetic.
There was a small spread of activity.

There was a bit more spread.

This can be used to evaluate patients for consciousness after an accident.

54
Q

Distracted driving resulting in one person hitting another from behind was due to __ __: the tendency not to notice a visible change in an object to which one was not paying attention (it either changed __ or while the person __). For this reason, it is said that attention is aligned with __.

A

inattention blindness; slowly; blinking

consciousness

55
Q

__-__ is a process of attention that is a reaction to an external stimulus.
__-__ is a process of attention that is intentional/deliberate; it is dependent on parts of the __ and __ cortices. Both cortices direct attention by facilitating responsiveness in parts of the __ which increases activation of important areas of the sensory cortices.

A

Bottom-up
Top-down; parietal; prefrontal.
thalamus

56
Q

You can control attention (__-__ processing) without moving your eyes. This can be seen on fMRI: movement in the __ cortex reveal the areas involved in processing.

A

top-down; visual

57
Q

What 2 things can improve top-down processing?

A

Playing video games and meditation.

58
Q

__ __ is the tendency to ignore the __ side of the body and its surroundings or the __ side of objects (patients have damage to the __ hemisphere).
Note: patients with damage to the __ hemisphere don’t usually show __ __.

A

Spatial neglect; left; left; right

left; spatial neglect.

59
Q

When drawing or crossing out small letters that make a giant letter, patients with spacial neglect usually omit what? The problems are usually associated with what in particular?

A

The left side of whatever they’re drawing / crossing out.

The problem is one of attention, not sensation.

60
Q

How can you get a person with spatial neglect to increase attention to the left side of things (4)?

A
  1. Tell them to pay attention to the left side of things.
  2. Have them look left while feeling with their left hand.
  3. Hearing sounds from the left
  4. Crossing the left hand over the right side of the body.
61
Q

When a rat is listening to clicks from either side and tallying them, we see activity in one set of cells in the __ __ cortex per side, and the number of cells is __ to the number of clicks.
Activity in cells of the __ __ fields (part of the __ cortex) increased per side when one side was ahead in the number of clicks.

Basically, we can “see” the rat making __ decisions.

A

posterior parietal; proportional.
frontal orienting; prefrontal

Perceptual decisions.

(Try to remember the image of the circles in the rat brain.)

62
Q

After damage to the __ __ fields, a rat is unable to keep track of clicks and adversely affects __ decision making. However, if the __ __ cortex is inactivated, there is little effect on this behavior; this suggests that the __ __ cortex is __ this process from another location.

A

frontal orienting; perceptual

Posterior parietal; posterior parietal; echoing

63
Q

When decisions impact outcomes, we see the cells in the __ __ gradually learn which choice is better. However, cells in the __ prefrontal cortex modify/overrule responses from the __ __ based on recent info. This makes sense since the __ __ is responsible for learning __; and the __ prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive function.

A

basal ganglia.
ventromedial; basal ganglia.
basal ganglia; habitual; ventromedial

64
Q

If choice A is usually better than choice B, the __ __ chooses A. But if something currently favors choice B, the __ __ cortex overrides and chooses B.

Persons with damage to the __ __ cortex tend to be overconfident and impulsive (don’t adjust well to moving parts).

A

basal ganglia; ventromedial prefrontal;

ventromedial prefrontal

65
Q

People with Korsakoff’s syndrome are similar in decisions making to people with damage to the __ __ cortex since both areas are impacted.

A

ventromedial prefrontal

66
Q

The brain area that responds to an expected reward based on how it compares to other outcomes is the __ cortex; this is a region of the __ __ cortex. The __ Gambling task can be used to test (stack of __ colored cards with risks and rewards).

Ultimately, when weighing risks and rewards, the __ __ cortex, especially its __ cortex, update the relative advantage/disadvantage of each choice.

A

orbitofrontal; ventromedial prefrontal
Iowa; purple

ventromedial prefrontal; orbitofrontal cortex

67
Q

Love study:
Men given __ rated partners higher than when not given __; but rated strangers the same. They also stood __ from attractive women than their single counterparts.

__ also increase __ with in-group interactions and increases __ with in-group people. It can also help people ID facial emotions, but only when they are __ in doing so.

A

oxytocin; oxytocin.
farther
Oxytocin; conformity; trust
deficient

68
Q

__ is the ability to identify with other people and share their experience as if it were their own.

__ is an unselfish concern for others, even to the point of being self-detrimental (it could contribute to survival of the __).

Both are not unique to humans; these behaviors have been noted in other __ and __.

A

empathy

altruism; species.

primates; mammals.

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