Chapter 10: Reproductive Behaviors

Question 1

____ ducts are embryonic structures that can develop female’s ____, uterus, and upper ___.
In contrast, ____ ducts are precursors to male internal structures such as the seminal ___ and vas ____ (accomplished by androgens produced by the ___).

Answer 1

Mullerian; oviducts; vagina

Wolffian; vesicles; deferens; testes.

Question 2

___ are organs that produce sperm and ____ (male sex hormones that increase growth of the ____).

Answer 2

Testes; androgens; testes

Question 3

The ___ glands produce both androgens and estrogens.

Answer 3

adrenal

Question 4

____ is a hormone that prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum.

Answer 4

Progesterone

Question 5

___ effects are the lasting structural effects induced by hormones during a ____ period in the ___ trimester.
In contrast, ___ effects are temporary effects induced by hormones, and they occur at any time of life (e.g. degree of ___ drive).

Answer 5

Organizing; sensitive; first.

activating; sex

Question 6

During the ___ trimester, male and female genitalia look the same, but as ___ develop, they secrete testosterone, which is converted to ____ by enzymes, and induce the development of ____ and ___.

Answer 6

first; testes; dihydrotestosterone; scrotum; penis.

Question 7

If a fetus is exposed to high levels of androgens and estrogens during the sensitive period, what genitals will develop? Low levels?

Answer 7

High levels = male genitals; low = female (default).

Question 8

Prenatal exposure to drugs that interfere with androgen response (alcohol, weed, coke, and _____ from plastics) contribute to males developing ____-typical pattern of ___ and behavior.

Answer 8

phthalates; female; anatomy

Question 9

Sex differences in rodent brains: ____-_____ is a chemical in blood that binds with ____ in the bloodstream of immature mammals. For rodents, this prevents ____ effects; however, testosterone doesn’t bind to __-___, it enters hypothalamic neurons where it’s converted to _____ which DOES produce ____ effects.

Answer 9

alpha-fetoprotein; estradiol

masculinizing; alpha-fetoprotein; estradiol; masculinizing.

Question 10

Sex differences in play: there is a correlation between the toys that humans play with from __ years old to __ years old.

Answer 10

3 - 13

Question 11

What significant finding was there in a study of 3 - 8 month old infants regarding toys? What potential confound might there have been?

Answer 11

Girls looked at dolls more than toy trucks, boys looked at both equally. Confounding might be from faster female maturation.

Question 12

What significant finding was there in a study of monkeys regarding toys?

Answer 12

Male monkey preferred boys toys; female monkeys preferred neutral toys, but played with toy dolls more than the male monkeys did.

Question 13

Phthalates inhibit ___ production. Because of this, researchers examined prenatal phthalate levels with their male toy use and found that sons exposed to ___ levels had less interest in ___ toys and more interest in ____ toys. Conversely, girls with prenatal exposure to higher testosterone levels correlated to a preference to ___ toys.

Answer 13

testosterone.

high; boys’; girls’

Boys’

Question 14

____, a hormone secreted by the ____, regulates reproductive behavior by stimulating ___ contractions, mammary glands, sexual pleasure, ___, and euphoria post-___.

Answer 14

Oxytocin; pituitary; uterine; orgasm; orgasm

Question 15

Sexual arousal in males is dependent on ____. It binds to receptors in several areas of the hypothalamus, including the ____ hypothalamus, ___ ___ ___ (MPOA), and ____ hypothalamus.
Testosterone also increases ___ sensitivity of the ____, triggers the release of _____ by the medial preoptic area (MPOA) which, in turn, serves to facilitate an _____ (D1 and D5 receptors) as well as an ____ (D2 receptors).

Answer 15

testosterone.

ventromedial; medial preoptic area; anterior.

touch; penis; dopamine; erection; orgasm

Question 16

There is a positive correlation between ___ levels (in both men and single women) and sexual ____ as well as the drive to seek sexual _____.

Answer 16

testosterone; arousal; partners

Question 17

Low testosterone levels don’t cause ____; impaired ____ ____ is usually the cause. Viagra increases ability by prolonging the effects of ___ ___ which increases blood flow to the penis.

Answer 17

impotence; blood circulation.

nitric oxide

Question 18

How does testosterone affect the hypothalamic areas responsible for sexual behavior?

Answer 18

It triggers the release of dopamine by the MPOA of the hypothalamus.

Question 19

List 2 explanations for married men having lower testosterone than their single counterparts.

Answer 19

1. Being married reduces the need to find a mate which may lower levels; 2. Men with naturally lower levels may be more inclined to marry.

Question 20

Anti-____ drugs have been administered to ___ ____ to curb pathologically-high mate-seeking behaviors and sex drive; but difficulties arise when they ____ the medication, and also due to negative __ __ such as diabetes, weight gain, and depression.

Answer 20

androgenic; sex offenders

discontinue; side effects

Question 21

Describe the 28-day cycle of menstruation (hormones secreted and from what gland).

Answer 21

menstruation → FSH (anterior pituitary to ovary)

→ FSH (anterior pituitary to ovary) → estradiol (ovarian follicle to anterior pituitary)

→ FSH and LH (anterior pituitary to ovary - egg released) → estradiol (ovarian follicle to anterior pituitary)

→ progesterone (corpus luteum to anterior pituitary) → estradiol (ovarian follicle to anterior pituitary) → menstruation

Question 22

This hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and causes an ovarian follicle to release an ovum.

Answer 22

LH

Question 23

This hormone prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum.

Answer 23

Progesterone

Question 24

Birth control pills work by making thicker ____ ___, preventing ____, and thinning the lining of the ____ to make it difficult for a _____ ____ to implant.

Answer 24

cervical mucus, ovulation, fertilized ovum

Question 25

The ___ period is the time around the ____ of the 28-day menstrual cycle where fertility is at its ____ and ___ levels are high.

Answer 25

periovulatory; middle; peak; estrogen

Question 26

Sex hormones effect ___-___ characteristics as well. For example, women who were given ____ were less sensitive to facial ___, specifically ____, than women who were given a placebo.

Answer 26

non-sexual.

testosterone; expressions; anger

Question 27

Hormonal changes after birth prepare a female mammal to provide ____ and care for young. For example, rats increase ____ and _____ while decreasing _____. The increase in ____ also causes a decrease in sensitivity to ____, which then serves to stimulate the appetite.

Answer 27

milk.

oxytocin; prolactin; progesterone

prolactin; leptin

Question 28

During the late stages of a female’s pregnancy, her brain is increasingly sensitive to _____ in areas of the brain that are responsible for ___ behavior.

Answer 28

estradiol; maternal

Question 29

____ is a hormone that serves multiple roles in other mammals. For example, male prairie voles will be more likely to help rear young if ___ levels are ____.

Answer 29

Vasopressin

vasopressin; high

Question 30

On average, men’s ___ levels decrease and ___ levels increase after a baby is born, especially if he spends more time interacting with it.

Answer 30

testosterone; prolactin

Question 31

The tendency for genes to spread if it makes individuals more appealing to the opposite sex is known as ___ ___. However, it will only be pushed as far as ___ will allow (prolific procreation vs. survival).

Answer 31

sexual selection.

survival

Question 32

The two evolutionary explanations for success in spreading a man’s genes includes helping ___ ____ to continue the linage, or to spread ____ and increase the chances that at least a few progeny will survive.

Answer 32

rear progeny; DNA

Question 33

Name 2 ways women gain from having multiple sexual partners.

Answer 33

Husband is infertile, so she trades “up” to someone more fertile or with better financial resources.
She has children with more than one partner, so there are more partners to provide resources.

Question 34

___ ___ is a series of differences that result from people regarding themselves as male or female.

Answer 34

Gender identity

Question 35

___ are persons with anatomy intermediate between male and female (they have some testicular tissue and ___ tissue). The more PC term is ____. The most common cause is ____ _____ ____, which is an overdevelopment of the adrenal glands causing a hormonal ____. There are other causes, such as fusion of __ and ___ zygotes.

Answer 35

Hermaphroditic; ovarinan.

Intersexed.

congenital adrenal hyperplasia; imbalance.

XX and XY

Question 36

Persons with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have decreased production in ___ and ____, and increased production in ___ which cause atypical changes to ___ and causes early _____.

Answer 36

aldosterone, cortisol; androgens; genitals; puberty

Question 37

XX females born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia demonstrate behavior typical to males, including spatial and ___ skills. The disorder caused them to be deficient in their ability to produce ____, and consequently, the ___ gland doesn’t receive the negative feedback and will therefore continue to stimulate the ____ gland. The hyperstimulated ___ gland will produce large amounts of ____ and cause the masculinization effects.

Answer 37

mechanical.

cortisol; pituitary; adrenal.

adrenal; testosterone/androgens

Question 38

A condition in which XY individuals have the female genitalia is ___ ____ (also called ____ feminization). These genetic males have a gene that prevents ____ from binding to its receptors.

Answer 38

androgen insensitivity; testicular.

testosterone.

Question 39

When rearing an intersexed child, how should you identify their gender?

Answer 39

Use the predominant characteristics of the genitalia.

Question 40

What happens when XY has a defect in conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

Answer 40

They look female at birth, but at puberty when testosterone levels sharply increase, they develop a penis and scrotum.

Question 41

Long-term homosexual relationships have been noted in humans and ____.

Answer 41

sheep.

Question 42

It is hypothesized that genetics play a contributing factor in homosexuality - what evidence supports this?

Answer 42

Twin studies that show a higher concordance amongst monozygotic twins.

Question 43

If homosexuality depends on certain genes, why hasn’t evolution selected against those genes (no progeny)?

Answer 43

Kin selection - they may play a larger role in helping to rear kin.

Question 44

Homosexuality may be related to ____ rather than changes in ____ ____. For example, environmental factors can cause ____ or ____ of certain genes.

Answer 44

epigenetics; DNA sequence

methylation; acetylation

Question 45

____ is a field that is concerned with changes in gene _____ without modification to DNA. For example, some genes are active at a ____ point in time. This field is important for several reasons, including the fact that changes in gene expression are central to ____ and ____.

Answer 45

Epigenetics; expression.

specific.

learning; memory

Question 46

A mother rat’s immunity may alter proteins in a developing male after giving birth to multiple males. This is an example of ____.

Answer 46

Epigenetics.

Question 47

External anatomy develops at a different time from the ___, so it is possible for early hormones to alter the brain ____ changing external anatomy. As a consequence, sexual orientation is not related to adult ____ levels, but rather to hormone levels during ____ _____.

Answer 47

brain; without

hormone; early development

Question 48

A stressed preggerz rat might alter the sexual orientation of male offspring because stress increases ____ in the intrauterine environment, which can cause DNA ____.

High stress also increases production of ____, and if they’re high enough, they block the effects of ____.

Answer 48

cortisol; methylation

endorphins; testosterone

Question 49

Hi levels of intrauterine _____ due to stress can cause DNA _____, which impacts the ____ of genes.

Answer 49

cortisol; methylation; expression

Question 50

Differences in ___ ___ between homosexuals and heterosexuals do exist (the ____ of homosexuals has more connections to the ____ side, which is typical female brain anatomy), but this is not always the case.

Answer 50

brain anatomy; amygdala; left