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BioBasis 2 PSB 4006 > Chapter 11 - Emotional Behaviors > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Emotional Behaviors Flashcards

1
Q

Emotional situations arouse the __ nervous system

A

autonomic

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2
Q

The ___ system is marked by low to moderate autonomic arousal and a tendency to approach, which could characterize happiness or anger.

a. BAS
b. amygdala processing
c. BIS
d. limbic

A

a. BAS*

“A” is for happy; left is right and right is wrong.

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3
Q

Mariam has damage to her ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Scientists are having her play a game where she has some money and is asked to give any amount she chooses to a trustee. If she gives it to the trustee, the value triples. Then, the trustee can choose to give any amount back to Mariam. Given her damage, she would likely _____.

a. keep most of the money for herself
b. give most of the money to the trustee
c. keep or give the money depending on the gender of the trustee
d. give about half of the money to the trustee

A

a. keep most of the money for herself

VM damage = trust issues / selfish

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4
Q

_____ and _____ are closely related both behaviorally and physiologically.

a. Sadness; happiness
b. Fear; sadness
c. Anger; sadness
d. Anger; fear

A

d. Anger; fear

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5
Q

BIS is activated quicker when viewing __ or __ images.

A

sad; frightening

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6
Q

Research so far has linked panic disorders to abnormalities in the ____, and not necessarily the _____.

A

c. hypothalamus; amygdala

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7
Q

Marlin and his wife have been dealing with financial hardship for the past several years. This year, it got worse when Marlin was laid off at work. He notices that his wife has been getting sick a lot. What stage of the general adaption syndrome model could explain this?

a. Alarm
b. Exhaustion
c. Adaptation
d. Resistance

A

b. Exhaustion

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the HPA axis?

a. Hypothalamus
b. Adrenal cortex
c. Pituitary gland
d. Hippocampus

A

d. Hippocampus

The other 3 make up the HPA: Hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary releases ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex stimulates cortisol release for fight or flight.

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9
Q

Landon has been sick. In response to his infection, his body released ____ that ultimately trigger the release of ____.

a. cytokines; antigens
b. antigens; cytokines
c. cytokines; prostaglandins
d. prostaglandins; cytokines

A

c. cytokines; prostaglandins

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10
Q

Britta and Edgardo are hiking in the woods when they encounter a bear. Per the James-Lange theory, what would Britta and Edgardo experience last after seeing the bear? Also describe the flow of events.

a. Running away
b. Feeling fear
c. Autonomic arousal
d. Cognitive processing

A

b. Feeling fear

Event → appraisal (cognitive) → action (jump/startle) → emotional feeling

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11
Q

Coretta was asked a trivia question about what part(s) of the brain are considered to be the most critical for emotion. She correctly answered the _____.

a. cerebellum
b. frontal lobe
c. limbic system
d. brainstem

A

c. limbic system

Includes forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus: amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus.

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12
Q

The idea of having a limited number of emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise) is supported by the empirical finding that ____.

a. specific brain structures are uniquely associated with each of those emotions
b. most people can identify the facial expressions associated with those emotions
c. individuals who have strokes in certain areas still experience the emotions even though they cannot name them
d. individuals with pure autonomic failure no longer experience any emotions but can label those expressions in others

A

b. most people can identify the facial expressions associated with those emotions

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13
Q

Heidi is participating in a research study. She was asked to interact with a second participant and decide if they would be compatible for a date. If Heidi had activation in her frontal and temporal lobes of the right hemisphere, the researchers would predict that her ____ was active and that she would _____ the other study participant.

a. BIS; avoid dating
b. BIS; agree to date
c. BAS; avoid dating
d. BAS; agree to date

A

a. BIS; avoid dating

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14
Q

Abe is participating in a study where he is asked to think about a moral dilemma and decide what to do. While he is doing this, researchers are scanning his brain. If the scans show higher levels of activity in the prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus, the researchers would expect Abe to base his choice on ____.

a. cultural expectations
b. logic
c. random selection of a choice
d. emotion

A

d. emotion

cingulate gyrus is part of the limbic system; prefrontal makes executive decisions.

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15
Q

Phineas Gage, a man with __ cortex damage, expressed almost no __; just occasional outburst of __. He understood the consequences of actions, but didn’t contemplate how those consequences would make him __. He showed deficiencies in __ making, had __ preferences; and overall reduced __ for others.

A

prefrontal; emotions; anger.

feel.

decision; inconsistent; empathy

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16
Q

Studies of the relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior suggest that ____.

a. testosterone is associated with aggression in men but not women
b. testosterone has a large and persistent impact on aggression in men and women
c. testosterone is related to aggression only when individuals have pathologically elevated levels
d. aggression depends on the ratio of testosterone to cortisol

A

d. aggression depends on the ratio of testosterone to cortisol

⬆️ testosterone + ⬇️ cortisol = aggressive & risky behavior

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17
Q

The relationship between serotonin and aggressive behavior may best be summarized as ____. Why is this?

a. excess serotonin stimulates aggressive behavior
b. serotonin is a minor contributor to aggression
c. rapid serotonin turnover predicts interpersonal aggression
d. serotonin levels predict property crimes like arson but not interpersonal crimes

A

b. serotonin is a minor contributor to aggression

It inhibits impulsive behaviors, so low levels may play a role, but it’s minor.

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18
Q

Studies of the impact of genes on aggression have implied that ____.

a. the more active MAOA gene leads to less aggression among people who were maltreated as children
b. there are several genes that make significant contributions
c. by the age of one, individuals with genetically mediated high autonomic arousal are more aggressive
d. the less active MAOA gene appears to directly suppress aggression

A

a. the more active MAOA gene leads to less aggression among people who were maltreated as children

Low MAOₐ + negative environment = more aggression

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19
Q

The ____, present in infants, is an example of a built-in, unlearned fear.

a. startle reflex
b. fear response
c. panic attack
d. Moro reflex

A

d. Moro reflex

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20
Q

Derrick has been diagnosed with Urbach-Wiethe disease. As a result, he has difficulty identifying facial expressions associated with __.

Urbach-Wiethe disease is a __ disease that results from accumulation of __ in the __. One patient, SM, was asked to draw __, so he drew a person crawling away with hair standing. A possible reason for the deficiency: they focus on the mouth, but __ is in the __.

A

fear.

genetic; Ca+; amygdala

fear

fear; eyes

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21
Q

Norris has been deployed overseas several times and has been diagnosed with PTSD. It is likely that he has a __ than average __.

A study of MZ twins (one served, the other didn’t) demonstrated smaller __: the smaller __ increases susceptibility to PTSD.

However, rats with prolonged stress show damage to the __ (somewhat contradictory).

A

smaller; hippocampus

hippocampus; hippocampus

hippocampus

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22
Q

Benzodiazepines exert their effect on anxiety by facilitating the binding of __ to __ receptors (facilitation to 3 of the 4 binding sites - specifically the __ sites).

Once bound, __ twists the receptor to open a __ channel and cause __.

A

c. GABA to GABA receptors

GABA; chloride; hyperpolerization

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23
Q

Klaus has been having trouble controlling his anxiety. Instead of consulting with a doctor, he has been using __ to self-medicate because it also binds to the GABAₐ receptors.

__ promotes the flow of __ which causes __ of neurons, but it also reduces __ (an excitatory NT).

A

alcohol

Alcohol; chloride; hyperpolarization; glutamate

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24
Q

_____ is not an emotion, but is the result of emotion.

a. Stress
b. Fear
c. Sadness
d. Guilt

A

a. Stress

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25
Q

Jo has been caring for her aging parents for over a year now. They need almost 24-hour care and it is very stressful for her. At this point, she is likely still in the _____ stage. This is the second stage of the general adaption syndrome model.

a. resistance
b. arousal
c. alarm
d. adaptation

A

a. resistance

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26
Q

Prolonged stress may damage the __ because increased metabolic activity due to __ release makes cells in this region vulnerable to toxins or __.

A

hippocampus; cortisol; overstimulation

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27
Q

Research on how stress interacts with the immune system has found that people with PTSD have elevated __ levels.

A

cytokine levels

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28
Q

__ is the ability to recover from a traumatic experience. People with greater __ tend to have strong __ support, an __ point of view, and strong __ skills (taking a second look at a difficult situation to reign it in).

A

Resilience

resilience; social; optimistic; reappraisal

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29
Q

Emotion has __ different definitions; most contain 3 aspects: __ wherein the person evaluates the situation; __ wherein they are scared, happy, etc., and __ where thy laugh, run, etc.

A

many;

cognition; feeling; action

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30
Q

The __ nervous system is the one that induces “rest and digest”. It includes the 12 __ nerves.

The __ system induces “fight or flight”.

A

parasympathetic.
cranial.
sympathetic

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31
Q

There are 2 main theories of emotion: the __-__ theory that states emotions are a response to __ arousal; the ___ view states that emotions induce __ arousal.

A

James-Lange; autonomic;

commonsense; autonomic

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32
Q

Your __ of the situation leads to appropriate __, such as running or attacking, which lastly cause you to feel __; this is the basic idea behind the __-__ theory of emotions.

A

appraisal; action; emotion

James-Lange

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33
Q

The James-Lang theory leads to 2 predictions:

  1. People with __ autonomic or skeletal responses feel __ emotion.
  2. __ one’s physiological response should __ emotion.
A

weak; less;

Increasing; enhance

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34
Q

What does the James-Lange theory predict about people with spinal injuries? What do the data show? What about facial expressions and feelings in heart rate?

A

They should experience diminished emotions. They still experience emotions to about the same level as before their injuries. They still have facial expressions, can interpret other’s expressions, and they still experience decreased heart rate in response to remote danger / increased in immediate danger.

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35
Q

__ __ __ is a condition when output from the ANS to the body fails completely or almost completely. These people still demonstrate __ awareness of the situation, but they experience emotions that are __ intense which is consistent with the __-__ theory.

A

Pure autonomic failure; cognitive; less; James-Lange

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36
Q

Botox blocks transmission at the __ and__-__ junctions. One study found that people with Botox injections in the face reported __ intensity in emotional responses. This finding is consistent with __-__ theory (as well a the finding from persons with __ __ __).

A

synapse; nerve-muscle.

reduced.

James-Lange; pure autonomic failure.

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37
Q

Is physiological arousal sufficient for causing emotional responses? Why or why not?

A

No, not necessarily because an increased heart rate / sweating may be due to exercise, not emotions. But they can intensify existing emotions (both neg and pos).

38
Q

Does physiologic arousal produce emotions?

A

No, physiologic arousal doesn’t produce emotions, but it does enhance emotions.

39
Q

Because perceptions of your body’s actions contribute to your emotions, we describe emotions as __. For example, it is easier to feel anger when __ than when __ __.

A

embodied.

standing; lying down.

40
Q

Physiological arousal can influence emotions as demonstrated in a few studies:

  1. Forcing a smile __ a stressful experience (per __ rate measurements).
  2. People who read the ‘funnies’ when holding a pen with their __ rated them higher than people who held a pen with their __.
A

reduces; heart.

teeth; lips.

41
Q

People with a rare condition, __ syndrome, cannot move their facial muscles to make a smile. However, they still report feeling __ which contradicts the __-__ theory.

A

Möbius syndrome.

emotions; James-Lange

42
Q

Which emotions are associated with a distinct pattern of autonomic activity?

A

None.

43
Q

The limbic system includes __ areas surrounding the __ and is considered critical for emotions. It includes the __ (emotion center), __ (memory), basal __, __ gyrus, and the __ and __ (relay stations for signals and hormones, respectively).

A

forebrain; thalamus.

amygdala; hippocampus; ganglia; cingulate; thalamus; hypothalamus.

44
Q

PET and fMRI show there is no __ associated with a specific emotion. Because of the variability in brain reactivity, it is possible that emotions are simply a __ __ (like gender or race).

A

localization.

social construct

45
Q

The main support that exists for universality of basic emotions is the existence of __ expressions for several emotions (by ‘universality’, it means coded in our __ like FOXP2). The problem with one study is that the facial expressions weren’t __, the __-__ methodology enhanced accuracy due to process of elimination, and some expressions seem __-__.

A

facial; genome.

authentic; match-type; culture-specific.

46
Q

In a study assessing facial expressions using tennis players, participants viewed players’ during point losses and gains. What was the finding? What does this demonstrate about our ability to interpret emotions?

A

Viewing the tennis players’ POSTURE facilitated recognition of the emotion, but the face alone was NOT sufficient.

This demonstrated that we rarely interpret emotion based solely on facial expressions - BODY GESTURES AND CONTEXT COUNT.

47
Q

An alternate theory to James-Lange states that emotional feelings vary along two continuous __ (or on a __ like gender) such as weak to strong, pleasant to unpleasant, etc.

A

dimensions; spectrum

48
Q

The BAS and BIS (__ vs. __) are systems that operate like __ switches rather than __/__ switches.

A

activation vs. inhibition; dimmer; on/off

49
Q

There’s a physiological association between the __ hemisphere and approach (__) and the __ hemisphere and inhibition (__).

For example, happy faces are processed faster when presented to the __ hemisphere (__), whereas sad or frightened faces are processed faster when presented to the __ hemisphere (__).

A

left; BAS; right; BIS

left; BAS; right; BIS

50
Q

The __ __ __ is associated with activation of the left hemisphere, especially the __ and __ lobes. It’s characterized by __ to __ arousal and a tendency to __ unfamiliar situations. For people with more activity in this region, __ work better than __ for learning. The downside is if hyper stimulated, they can be __ or abuse drugs.

A

behavioral activation system; frontal and temporal.

low; moderate; approach.

rewards; punishments.

impulsive

51
Q

The __ __ system is associated with __ autonomic arousal and attention, __ action (reserved), and stimulates fear, __ and __. People in this group tend to be __ and more prone to __ emotions. Activation occurs on the __ hemisphere, especially the __ and __ lobes.

A

behavioral inhibition system; increased; inhibited; disgust, anxiety.

withdrawn; negative/unpleasant.

right; frontal; temporal.

52
Q

Emotions have __ value: they help communicate __; they aid in __ decisions; and they contribute to __ decisions.

The __ value of __ and __ is especially obvious when considering flight or fight.

A

adaptive; needs; quick; moral.

adaptive; fear; anger

53
Q

Contemplating a moral dilemma (trolley) activates areas that respond to emotion, including parts of the __ cortex and __ gyrus; but it also activates areas that contemplate the utilitarian aspect. The __ __ cortex becomes active when both the emotions and utilitarian aspects are considered.

People with the strongest __ arousal are least likely to decide to kill one to save five (apparently it causes moronism).

A

prefrontal; cingulate.

ventromedial prefrontal.

Autonomic

54
Q

Damage to the __ __ cortex cause reduced __ when considering moral dilemmas. It also causes reduction in both __ and __ as evidenced in the dictator and trustee games. Basically it causes assholism.

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex; emotion.

trust; empathy.

55
Q

A person with prefrontal damage demonstrates __ decision making due to lack of __; and decisions are often inconsistent due to increased __ (don’t take the time to consider consequences). The only emotion they show are occasional __ of __.

A

impared/poor; empathy; impulsiveness.

outbursts of anger.

56
Q

Based on animal studies (such as a cat “playing” with its prey), __ and __ behaviors correspond to the emotions of __ and __ both behaviorally and physiologically.

A

attack; escape; anger; fear

57
Q

When a hamster intrudes on ‘home’ hamster’s turf, ‘home’ hamster doesn’t attack __. But if another hamster intrudes within __’; ‘home’ hamster is __ to attack. During this period, activity builds in the __ nucleus of the __.

A

immediately.

30; quick.

corticomedial; amygdala

58
Q

Individual differences in attack behaviors depend on __ and __.

__ factors include: (1) witness or suffer violence during __; (2) living in a __ neighborhood; (3) exposure to __ paint.

A

heredity; environment.

Environmental; childhood, violent; lead

59
Q

Autonomic arousal is strongly influenced by __. Those who are normally cool/calm are __ likely to commit crimes.

Although __ influences behavior, there are differences in certain __. For example, __-class shows higher __, but no so in __ neighborhoods (presumably because bad environments influence everyone __).

A

genetics.
more.
genetics/heritability; subcultures.

middle; heritability; poorer; equally.

60
Q

Monoamines include __, __, and __.

A

serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine

61
Q

__ MAOₐ can be a predictor of aggressive behavior, but only when exposed to childhood __.

A

Low; maltreatment.

62
Q

The effects of testosterone levels on aggression are __. Aggressive behavior is more a result of a __ of testosterone.

Children prone to outbursts/aggression can lower testosterone __ with therapy and training.

A

minimal/slight.
burst.

bursts

63
Q

Temporarily increasing testosterone levels in women __ the amount of time looking at angry faces. It also changed __ behavior from __ to __. It increases behaviors that improve one’s __; and also __ judgement of paired visual stimuli.

A

increased.

groupwork; collaborative; competitive.

status; reduces

64
Q

Serotonin __ can be measured by measuring __ levels in CSF. Although serotonin’s direct impact on aggression is __, __-level release (i.e., __) has been linked to __ and aggression.

A

5-HIAA.

minimal; low-level; (turnover); impulsiveness

65
Q

Social isolation in rats lowers serotonin __. __ is also lower in juvenile rats and highly aggressive rats. The rodents with the lowest __ tended to be the most aggressive.

A

turnover.

Turnover

turnover

66
Q

If most monkeys with low serotonin __ die young, why hasn’t natural selection eliminated these genes?

A

turnover.

Because aggressive males/females are alphas, and alphas mate the most (sexual seletion).

67
Q

People who attempt suicide by violent means have low __ __.

A

serotonin turnover.

68
Q

Testosterone (especially __) contributes to aggression. Serotonin __ impulsive behavior. Cortisol strongly __ aggression; but feelings of anger __ cortisol.

Given the above, elevated testosterone plus low cortisol yields __ and __ behavior.

A

bursts.
inhibits.
inhibits; reduce

aggressive; risky

69
Q

One way to measure anxiety is to measure the __ __: both are highly correlated.

A

startle reflex

70
Q

Instead of __ fear, the amygdala may be responsible for __ fear and then __ other brain areas to pay attention.

A

feeling; detecting; directing

71
Q

Panic disorder has been linked to decreased levels of __ (inhibitory NT) and increased levels of __ (arousing hormone/hunger).

Twin studies lead scientists to believe that __ and __ play a role in the regulation of these biochemicals.

A

GABA; orexin

genetics; epigenetics

72
Q

One study on Vietnam vets showed that those with damage to the __ had no PTSD. Most PTSD victims have a smaller than average __, but a hyperactive __.

A

amygdala

hippocampus; amygdala

73
Q

An unfortunate effect of benzodiazepines is they are highly __ in the environment. Fish are so chill that they decrease __ and even __!!!

A

stable

mating; eating

74
Q

Ro15-4513 is very effective at blocking __ at GABA receptors (it reduces the anxiolytic effect). It hasn’t gone to market since researchers think it will __ and lead to increased __.

A

alcohol;

backfire; drinking

75
Q

One technique to relieve anxiety is called systematic __. It involves __ exposure to a feared object while practicing __ techniques.

A

desensitization.

gradual; relaxation

76
Q

__ medicine- Emphasizes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other __ on health.

A

Behavioral; behaviors

77
Q

Stress has two major definitions: (1) the __ response of the body to any __ made upon it; (2) events that are interpreted as __.

A

nonspecific; demand

threatening

78
Q

The __ __ syndrome is mainly caused by the __ glands. It has 3 stages: __ (marked by increased heart rate); __ (fight / perseverance); and __ (empty tank).

A

general adaptation; adrenal

alarm; resistance; exhaustion

79
Q

The alarm stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome includes release of 3 hormones by the __ glands: __ (stimulates the sympathetic system); __ (increases blood glucose); and __ (maintain Na+ concentration and blood volume). All 3 are needed for __ or __. They have the unfortunate side effect of decreasing __ and __, though (save energy).

A

adrenal; epinephrine; cortisol; aldosterone;

fight; flight

libido; metabolism

80
Q

During the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the sympathetic response __. The adrenal glands continue secreting __ and other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged __.

The last stage is the exhaustion stage. The individual is tired, inactive, and __ because the nervous system and __ systems no longer have the energy to sustain their responses.

A

declines.
cortisol; alertness

vulnerable; immune

81
Q

The __ nervous system is the stress system (__ or __). The __ nervous system is the calm / reenergize system.

A

sympathetic; fight or flight

parasympathetic

82
Q

Stress activates 2 main body systems: the __ nervous system, and the __ axis (which stands for the __, __, and __).

A

sympathetic; hypothalamus; pituitary; adrenal

83
Q

Brief periods of stress can be advantageous because it increases __ and __.

The __ axis becomes dominant during prolonged stress, and that can impair __ and __.

A

memory; energy

HPA; immunity; memory

84
Q

Describe the flow of the HPA axis.

A

Hypothalamus (hormone center/relay) induces the ➡︎ pituitary, secretes ATCH ➡︎ adrenals secrete cortisol (et al.).

85
Q

T helper cells direct B cells and other __ cells to __ (these B cells are called B __ cells). B cells are also responsible for __ rejection.
NK cells have __ action against __ cells and cells infected with __.

B, T, and NK cells all have direct, generalized __ action.

A

T; divide; memory
Organ

phagocytic; tumor; viruses

phagocytic.

86
Q

During infection, WBC’s produce __ that stimulate the release of __ which, in turn, stimulate the __. The __ produces symptoms associated with illness.

Ibuprofen and aspirin inhibit __.

A

cytokines; prostaglandins; hypothalamus.

hypothalamus

prostaglandins

87
Q

Social __ is one of the most powerful methods of controlling stress. Social isolation activates the __ which influences __ and __; social __ activates the brain’s __ system.

A

support

amygdala; anxiety; pain;
support; reward

88
Q

A study of married women showed that they are __. They were given shocks, and instead of punching the tech, they held their husband’s hand and reduced their __ response. fMRI showed reduction in activity in the __ cortex.

A

idiots.
stress
prefrontal

89
Q

__-__ syndrome, damage occurs to the temporal lobe, including to the __. Monkeys with this damage will __ fire and snakes. They also have impaired __ skills - they walk up to alphas without hesitation.

A

Kluver-Bucy; amygdala
approach
social.

90
Q

fMRI shows the __ responds more strongly when facial expressions are more difficult to interpret, especially averted __ or direct __.

A

amygdala; anger (who are they mad at?); fear (are they afraid of me?)

91
Q

During reappraisal, we can see activity being reduced in the __. This is due to the influence of the __ cortex during __-__ processing.

A

amygdala

prefrontal; top-down

BioBasis 2 PSB 4006 (7 decks)

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