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Microbiology > Chapter 14- Exam 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 14- Exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a disease-causing microorganism

A

pathogen

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2
Q

Colonization of the body by pathogens

A

infection

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3
Q

An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally

A

disease

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4
Q

The development of disease

A

pathogenesis

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5
Q

A description of the disease (or the study of disease)

A

pathology

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6
Q

The cause of a disease (or the study of the cause of a disease)

A

etiology

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7
Q

you can have _______ without disease and disease without __________

A

infection; infection

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8
Q

permanently colonize the host starting at birth, and later through food and contact with others.

A

normal microbiota

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9
Q

how many more bacteria are found in the body compared to human cells?

A

There is at least ten times as many bacteria as human cells in the body (approximately 10^14 versus 10^13).

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10
Q

a person’s microbiota weighs _____ g

A

200

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11
Q

how many species of bacteria live in the human gut and on the skin?

A

500-1000

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12
Q

How do microbes vary?

A

Microbes vary with respect to nutrient requirements, optimal growth conditions (pH, O2, temperature, salt, light)

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13
Q

how many microorganisms are pathogenic?

A

few

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14
Q

are microorganisms on and in the skin dangerous?

A

Most microorganisms on and in the body are harmless if not beneficial

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15
Q
A

Colonies of Propionibacterium acnes, found on skin and the conjunctiva.

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16
Q
A

an oral biofilm

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17
Q

why is it difficult to or impossible to culture normal microbiota organisms?

A
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18
Q

allow identification bacterial species without cultivation

A

New DNA sequencing technologies

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19
Q

The collection of microbial genomes of an individual

A

microbiome

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20
Q

Why is it beneficial to know the microbiome of a person?

A

Determining the microbiome of people has the promise of correlating differences in microbiome composition with specific syndromes or diseases, like autoimmune diseases, diabetes, and obesity.

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21
Q

Why might different types of bacteria colonize different parts of the body?

A

nutrient availability (secretions, excretions, dead cells) physical and chemical factors (temperature, pH) defenses of the host mechanical factors (chewing, flushing, mucus, cilia)

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22
Q

dominate the newborn gut

A

Firmicutes

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23
Q

This group includes Lactobacillus

A

firmicutes

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24
Q

adapted to feeding on human milk

A

lactobacillus (firmicutes)

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25
Q

adapted to feed on plant matter

A

bacteriorides

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26
Q

may be present for days, weeks, or months, then disappear

A

transient microbiota

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27
Q

come from the environment, don’t get permanently established, and typically don’t cause disease

A

transient microbiota

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28
Q

Not a problem as long as they don’t displace the normal microbiota

A

transient microbiota

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29
Q

why does normal microbiota differ among us?

A

normal microbiota (normal human flora) differ from person to person because: conditions provided by the host at a particular body site vary from one person to another based on numerous factors like age, environment, stress, diet, etc.

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30
Q

what are some locations in the human body of normal microbiota?

A

skin eyes (conjunctiva) nose, throat, upper respiratory tract mouth large intestine urinary tract reproductive system

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31
Q

bacteria found on the skin

A

Propionibacterium Staphylococcus Corynebacterium Micrococcus Acinetobacter Brevibacterium

32
Q

fungi found on the skin

A

Pityrosporum

Candida

Malassezia

33
Q

why do skin microbes not become resident?

A

Most of the microbes in direct contact with skin do not become residents because secretions from sweat and oil glands have antimicrobial properties.

34
Q

___________ is a resistant barrier, and the _____ pH of the skin inhibits many microbes.

A

keratin; low

35
Q

has a relatively low moisture content

A

skin

36
Q

bacteria found in conjunctiva

A

S. aureaus S. epidermidis diphtheroids Propionibacterium Corynebacterium streptococci Micrococcus

37
Q

a continuation of the skin or mucous membrane, contains basically the same microbiota found on the skin

A

the conjunctiva/ eye

38
Q

eliminate some microbes or inhibit others from colonizing in the eye

A

Tears and blinking

39
Q

bacteria in the nose

A

S. aureus

S. epidermidis

aerobic diphtheroids

40
Q

bacteria in the throat

A

S. pneumoniae

Haemophilus

Neisseria

41
Q

Although some normal microbiota are potential pathogens, their ability to cause disease is reduced by _________ __________

A

microbial antagonism

42
Q

nasal secretions ____ or _______ many microbes, and mucus and ciliary action ________ many microbes

A

kill; inhibit; remove

43
Q

bacteria of the mouth

A

Staph, Strep Lactobacillus Actinomyces Bacteroides Veilonella Neisseria Haemophilus Fusobacterium Treponema

44
Q

fungi of the mouth

A

Candida

45
Q

What conditions make the mouth an ideal enviroment?

A

Abundant moisture, warmth, and the constant presence of food make the mouth an ideal environment that supports very large and diverse microbial populations on the tongue, cheeks, teeth and gums.

46
Q

movements that dislodge microbes?

A

Biting, chewing, tongue movements and salivary flow

47
Q

bodily secretion that contains antimicrobial substances

A

saliva

48
Q

bacteria of the urethra

A

Staphlococcus Enterococcus Lactobacillus aerobic diphtheroids Pseudomonas Klebsiella

49
Q

microorganisms of the vagina

A

lactobacilli Streptococcus Candida (fungus) Trichomonas (protozoan)

50
Q

what prevents microbes from attaching to the urethra

A

Mucus and shedding of the lining prevent microbes from attaching.

51
Q

_______ mechanically removes microbes from the urethra and vagina

A

flow

52
Q

______ and ______ expel microbes from cervix.

A

cilia and mucus

53
Q

components of urine that are antimicrobial

A

pH and urea

54
Q

The ________ of the vagina inhibits or kills microbes.

A

acidity

55
Q

The large intestine contains the largest numbers of resident microbiota in the body because of ________ and _________.

A

moisture and nutrients

56
Q

How are microbes prevented from attaching to the lining of the GI tract?

A

Mucus and regular shedding of the lining prevent many microbes from attaching to the lining of the gastrointestinal tract.

57
Q

What do mucosa produce?

A

antimicrobial substances

58
Q

competition between microbes

A

Microbial antagonism or competitive exclusion

59
Q

Candida albicans does what to cause UTIs?

A

Candida albicans grows in the female urogenital system when the normal microbiotoa is altered resulting in a rise in the normal pH of 4

60
Q

How do normal microbiota protect the host against pathogenic bacteria?

A

competing for nutrients

producing substances harmful to invaders (E. coli produces bacteriocins)

changing conditions such as pH and O2

61
Q

How are Germ-free animal microbiomes different than normal animal microbiomes? How is their diet and nutrition related to this?

A

Germ-free animals raised in the laboratory live, but have underdeveloped immune systems and are more susceptible to pathogenic infection and serious disease. • Germ-free animals also require more calories and vitamins than do normal animals. • When germ-free animals are repopulated with microbiota from obese animals, they become obese. • When people switch from a low-calorie diet to a highcalorie diet, their microbiome changes.

62
Q

are live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect.

A

probiotics

63
Q

are chemicals that selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria

A

prebiotics

64
Q

Why are antibiotics not good to use too much? Provide two examples

A

Antibiotic therapy can eliminate normal microbiota, creating opportunities for pathogenic bacteria to gain a foothold. This is one good reason not to use antibiotics too much. For example Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) can cause problematic gastrointestinal infections (diarrhea, fatal colitis) following antibiotic therapy. Certain lactic acid bacteria (some from yogurt) can help prevent colonization by Salmonella after antibiotic therapy

65
Q

causes diarrhea linked to 14,000 deaths per year in the US

A

C. difficile

66
Q

Define fecal transplant and who it could be beneficial for

A

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) also known as a stool transplant or fecal transplant is the process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy donor into a recipient patient. It can be an effective treatment for patients suffering from Clostridium difficile infection.

67
Q

Explain this graph

A

The diversity of gut Bacteroides in a patient who took a weeklong course of clindamycin. For nine months, the subject’s gut contained only one type of clindamycin-resistant Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

68
Q

one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected.

A

commensalism

69
Q

both organisms benefit. Bacteria such as E. coli synthesize vitamin K and some B vitamins that are absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed for use by body cells.

A

mutualism

70
Q

one organism benefits at the expense of the other, such as pathogens.

A

parasitism

71
Q

Can normal microbiota be opportunistic pathogens?

A

Yes

72
Q

Under certain circumstances the relationship between host and microbe can change and a __________ organism, such as E. coli, can become harmful if it gains access to other body sites, such as the urinary tract.

A

mutualistic

73
Q

can gain an advantage if the immune system is compromised, as happens in transplant recipients, cancer patients, and AIDS patients.

A

Opportunistic pathogens

74
Q

What pathogen used to be rare before the AIDS epidemic?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia

75
Q
A

Microbiology (15 decks)

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