Chapter 1- The Microbial World and You Flashcards
1
Q
Proved that DNA is hereditary material
A
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
2
Q
Developed vaccine against smallpox
A
Jenner
3
Q
Discovered how DNA controls protein and synthesis in a cell
A
Jacob and Manod
4
Q
Discovered penicillin
A
Fleming
5
Q
Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
A
Lederberg and Tatum
6
Q
Disproved spontaneous generation
A
Pasteur
7
Q
First to characterize a virus
A
Stanley
8
Q
First to use disinfectants in surgical procedures
A
Lister
9
Q
First to observe bacteria
A
van Leewenhoek
10
Q
First to observe cells in plant material and name them
A
Hooke
11
Q
Observed that viruses are filterable
A
Iwanowski
12
Q
Proved that microorganisms can cause disease
A
Koch
13
Q
Said living cells arise from preexisting living cells
A
Virchow
14
Q
Showed that genes code for enzymes
A
Beadle and Tatum
15
Q
Spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA
A
Berg
16
Q
Used bacteria to produce acetone
A
Weizmann
17
Q
Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent (salvarsan)
A
Ehrlich
18
Q
proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls
A
Lancefield
19
Q
Studies biodegradation of toxic wastes
A
microbial ecology and biotechnology
20
Q
Studies the causative agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever
A
virology
21
Q
Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria
A
biotechnology, microbial genetics, microbial physiology
22
Q
Studies the symptoms of AIDS
A
immunology
23
Q
Studies the production of toxin in E.coli
A
microbial physiology
24
Q
Studies the life cycle of Cryptosporidium
A
microbial ecology
25
Develops gene therapy for a disease
microbial genetics
26
Studies the fungus Candida albicans
mycology
27
Maximum size that can be seen by the human eye?
200 micrometers (0.2mm)
28
What is the role of microbiota?
- Prevent bacterial pathogen colonization by competing for space and nutrients
- lower pH
- produce bacteriocins
- eliminate toxins
- digest and produce vitamins
29
What are some of the things that microbes can accomplish in the environment?
Fixate CO2 and N2
30
Which microbe can ferment starch?
Clostridium acetobutylicum
31
Which microbe can synthesize cotton?
Gluconacetobacter xylinus
32
Which microbe can produce indigo & how is indigo produced?
E. coli can recombinantly express a Pseudomonas enzyme to convert indole to indigo.
33
Which microbe is used for bleaching?
Yeast can recombinantly express peroxidase.
34
Which microbe is used for stone-washing?
Trichoderma fungi cellusases
35
What is another name for bioplastic?
Bacterial polyhydroxylalkanoate.
36
Properties of bacteria
- unicellular
- prokaryotes
- peptidoglycan cell walls
- reproduce via binary fission
- reproduce asexually
- gain energy from mainly organic chemicals, or from inorganic chemicals and photosynthesis
37
Properties of archae
- prokaryotes
- unicellular
- cell walls lack peptidoglycan
- nonpathogenic
- reproduce via binary fission and asexually
- many are extremophiles
38
Properties of fungi
- Eukaryotes
- chitin cell walls
- can reproduce asexually or sexually
- use organic chemicals for energy
- unicellular (yeast)
- or muticellular as molds and mushrooms (consist of branching and intertwining filaments known as hyphae that form mycelia)
39
Properties of protozoa
```
Eukaryotic
unicellular
reproduce sexually or asexually
absorb or surround and ingest (some are photosynthetic)
many are motile
```
40
Properties of algae
```
Eukaryotes
cellulose cell walls
uni-and multi-cellular
photosynthetic
sexual and asexual reproduction
```
41
Properties of viruses
Acellular
consist of DNA or RNA in a coat of protein
may be enclosed in a lipid envelope replicate only when in a living host cell (inert when outside a host)
42
Who invented the first compound microscope? And what was the magnification?
Zaccharias Jansen; 3x-9x
43
Who invented a primitive compound microscope to see individual cells? And what was the magnification?
Robert Hooke; 30x
44
Who came up with the cell theory?
Hooke
45
Who first described microorganisms? What was the magnification on his microscope?
Leeuwenhoek (father of microbiology), with his simple microscope that had a magnification of 270x due to the better lens.
46
First evidence against spontaneous generation? Why was it criticized?
Redi came up with an experiment that involved filling jars with rotten meat and then he noted that the closed jar of meat did not have any maggots while the open jar did. this was criticized because there was no possibility of air getting through.
47
What was the evidence for spontaneous generation?
Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks. He heated the flasks, allowed them to cool, and then sealed them. This was flawed in that airborne microbes could have landed in the nutrient brother prior to closing the flask.
48
In 1756, who came up with the evidence against spontaneous generation? What was it?
Spallanzani, he boiled nutrient solutions in flasks, one was open and the other wasn't.
49
who came up with biogenesis?
Virchow
50
Cell Theory
all living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells
51
Biogenesis
The theory that living cells only arise from preexisting cells
52
Who finally disproved spontaneous generation? How?
Pasteur, he designed an experiment that involved heating nutrient broths in flasks with curved necks that would allow air to enter, but no microbes. He was lucky that there were no endospores in the cultures.
53
What was Pasteur known for?
Fermentation (yeasts)
| Pasteurization
54
Why does beer/ wine spoil?
There is a build up acetic acid
55
Pasteurization
the reduction of the number of viable pathogens so that they are less likely to cause disease/spoilage. it is different than boiling because it is simply heated for a longer period of time, it prevents the curdling of the product.
56
Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus?
Bassi
57
Who showed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan?
Pasteur
58
Who showed that fever death rates from child birth could be dropped by hand disinfection?
Semmelweis
59
Who proved that a bacterium caused anthrax?
Robert Koch
60
What are the types of vaccines that are currently used?
related avirulent strains
killed virulent strains
isolated components of virulent strains
genetic engineering techniques
61
Synthetic drugs
a chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemical in a laboratory
62
antibiotics
an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus
63
What was the first chemical drug?
Quinine
64
Coined the term "magic bullet". What does this term mean?
Paul Ehrlich, and for salvarsan (for syphilis). Magic bullet means a compound that could hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host
65
What was the first antibiotic and who discovered it?
Penicillin, Fleming
66
Who first produced an animal protein in bacteria?
Berg
67
Who showed that genes encode a cell's enzymes?
Beadle & Tatum
68
Who discovered the 3D structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
69
Beneficial activities of microbes
Recycling C,N,O,S,P, (producers use CO2 to produce carbs
bacteria can fixate N2
microbes also return CO2 to atmosphere) sewage treatment
bioremediation
insect pest control (B. thuringensis)
70
Biofilm
```
An aggregation of microbes; they can be diverse and they allow for communication between cells in the extracellular matrix. protect mucous membranes
provide food for marine life
can clog water pipes
colonize medical implants
gain antibiotic resistance
decay teeth
```
71
Bioremediation
the use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant
72
What's an emerging infectious disease?
New disease and diseases increasing in incidence.
73
Characteristics of Influenza?
Virus, can exist as H5N1 (avian) or H1N1 (swine), nomenclature is based on viral coat. Swine flu was common in 2009 with 17,000 deaths.
74
Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
Causes boils, pneumonia, food poisoning
in the 50s, PRSA (penicillin), 80s- MRSA (methicillin), 90s VISA (vancomycin intermediate), '02- VRSA (vancomycin resistant)
75
West Nile Encephalitis?
Caused by West Nile Virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, first diagnosed in Uganda in '37 but appeared in NYC in '99
76
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Mad Cow Disease caused by a prion (infectious protein) that propagates by transmitting a misfolded state. Fatal.
77
E. Coli O157:H7
Produces Shiga toxin. First seen in 1982, leading cause of diarrhea worldwide.
78
Shiga toxin
an exotoxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic E. coli
79
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
caused by Ebola virus, causes fever, blood clotting and hemorrhaging, found near Ebola River, transmitted via blood/body fluids/tissue. 50-90% death rate
80
Marburg virus
Hemorrhagic fever with identical symptoms as Ebola, rare, human >human, but also bat >human.
81
Cryptosporidiosis
Caused by Cryptosporidium protozoa, acute short-term diarrhea, causes 30% of diarrhea in developing countries, happened in WI.
