Chapter 1- The Microbial World and You Flashcards
Proved that DNA is hereditary material
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
Developed vaccine against smallpox
Jenner
Discovered how DNA controls protein and synthesis in a cell
Jacob and Manod
Discovered penicillin
Fleming
Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
Lederberg and Tatum
Disproved spontaneous generation
Pasteur
First to characterize a virus
Stanley
First to use disinfectants in surgical procedures
Lister
First to observe bacteria
van Leewenhoek
First to observe cells in plant material and name them
Hooke
Observed that viruses are filterable
Iwanowski
Proved that microorganisms can cause disease
Koch
Said living cells arise from preexisting living cells
Virchow
Showed that genes code for enzymes
Beadle and Tatum
Spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA
Berg
Used bacteria to produce acetone
Weizmann
Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent (salvarsan)
Ehrlich
proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls
Lancefield
Studies biodegradation of toxic wastes
microbial ecology and biotechnology
Studies the causative agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever
virology
Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria
biotechnology, microbial genetics, microbial physiology
Studies the symptoms of AIDS
immunology
Studies the production of toxin in E.coli
microbial physiology
Studies the life cycle of Cryptosporidium
microbial ecology
Develops gene therapy for a disease
microbial genetics
Studies the fungus Candida albicans
mycology
Maximum size that can be seen by the human eye?
200 micrometers (0.2mm)
What is the role of microbiota?
- Prevent bacterial pathogen colonization by competing for space and nutrients
- lower pH
- produce bacteriocins
- eliminate toxins
- digest and produce vitamins
What are some of the things that microbes can accomplish in the environment?
Fixate CO2 and N2
Which microbe can ferment starch?
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Which microbe can synthesize cotton?
Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Which microbe can produce indigo & how is indigo produced?
E. coli can recombinantly express a Pseudomonas enzyme to convert indole to indigo.
Which microbe is used for bleaching?
Yeast can recombinantly express peroxidase.
Which microbe is used for stone-washing?
Trichoderma fungi cellusases
What is another name for bioplastic?
Bacterial polyhydroxylalkanoate.
Properties of bacteria
- unicellular
- prokaryotes
- peptidoglycan cell walls
- reproduce via binary fission
- reproduce asexually
- gain energy from mainly organic chemicals, or from inorganic chemicals and photosynthesis
Properties of archae
- prokaryotes
- unicellular
- cell walls lack peptidoglycan
- nonpathogenic
- reproduce via binary fission and asexually
- many are extremophiles
Properties of fungi
- Eukaryotes
- chitin cell walls
- can reproduce asexually or sexually
- use organic chemicals for energy
- unicellular (yeast)
- or muticellular as molds and mushrooms (consist of branching and intertwining filaments known as hyphae that form mycelia)
Properties of protozoa
Eukaryotic unicellular reproduce sexually or asexually absorb or surround and ingest (some are photosynthetic) many are motile
Properties of algae
Eukaryotes cellulose cell walls uni-and multi-cellular photosynthetic sexual and asexual reproduction
Properties of viruses
Acellular
consist of DNA or RNA in a coat of protein
may be enclosed in a lipid envelope replicate only when in a living host cell (inert when outside a host)
Who invented the first compound microscope? And what was the magnification?
Zaccharias Jansen; 3x-9x
Who invented a primitive compound microscope to see individual cells? And what was the magnification?
Robert Hooke; 30x
Who came up with the cell theory?
Hooke
Who first described microorganisms? What was the magnification on his microscope?
Leeuwenhoek (father of microbiology), with his simple microscope that had a magnification of 270x due to the better lens.
First evidence against spontaneous generation? Why was it criticized?
Redi came up with an experiment that involved filling jars with rotten meat and then he noted that the closed jar of meat did not have any maggots while the open jar did. this was criticized because there was no possibility of air getting through.
What was the evidence for spontaneous generation?
Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks. He heated the flasks, allowed them to cool, and then sealed them. This was flawed in that airborne microbes could have landed in the nutrient brother prior to closing the flask.
In 1756, who came up with the evidence against spontaneous generation? What was it?
Spallanzani, he boiled nutrient solutions in flasks, one was open and the other wasn’t.
who came up with biogenesis?
Virchow
Cell Theory
all living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells
Biogenesis
The theory that living cells only arise from preexisting cells
Who finally disproved spontaneous generation? How?
Pasteur, he designed an experiment that involved heating nutrient broths in flasks with curved necks that would allow air to enter, but no microbes. He was lucky that there were no endospores in the cultures.
What was Pasteur known for?
Fermentation (yeasts)
Pasteurization
Why does beer/ wine spoil?
There is a build up acetic acid
Pasteurization
the reduction of the number of viable pathogens so that they are less likely to cause disease/spoilage. it is different than boiling because it is simply heated for a longer period of time, it prevents the curdling of the product.
Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus?
Bassi
Who showed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan?
Pasteur
Who showed that fever death rates from child birth could be dropped by hand disinfection?
Semmelweis
Who proved that a bacterium caused anthrax?
Robert Koch
What are the types of vaccines that are currently used?
related avirulent strains
killed virulent strains
isolated components of virulent strains
genetic engineering techniques
Synthetic drugs
a chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemical in a laboratory
antibiotics
an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus
What was the first chemical drug?
Quinine
Coined the term “magic bullet”. What does this term mean?
Paul Ehrlich, and for salvarsan (for syphilis). Magic bullet means a compound that could hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host
What was the first antibiotic and who discovered it?
Penicillin, Fleming
Who first produced an animal protein in bacteria?
Berg
Who showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes?
Beadle & Tatum
Who discovered the 3D structure of DNA?
Watson and Crick
Beneficial activities of microbes
Recycling C,N,O,S,P, (producers use CO2 to produce carbs
bacteria can fixate N2
microbes also return CO2 to atmosphere) sewage treatment
bioremediation
insect pest control (B. thuringensis)
Biofilm
An aggregation of microbes; they can be diverse and they allow for communication between cells in the extracellular matrix. protect mucous membranes provide food for marine life can clog water pipes colonize medical implants gain antibiotic resistance decay teeth
Bioremediation
the use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant
What’s an emerging infectious disease?
New disease and diseases increasing in incidence.
Characteristics of Influenza?
Virus, can exist as H5N1 (avian) or H1N1 (swine), nomenclature is based on viral coat. Swine flu was common in 2009 with 17,000 deaths.
Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
Causes boils, pneumonia, food poisoning
in the 50s, PRSA (penicillin), 80s- MRSA (methicillin), 90s VISA (vancomycin intermediate), ‘02- VRSA (vancomycin resistant)
West Nile Encephalitis?
Caused by West Nile Virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, first diagnosed in Uganda in ‘37 but appeared in NYC in ‘99
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
Mad Cow Disease caused by a prion (infectious protein) that propagates by transmitting a misfolded state. Fatal.
E. Coli O157:H7
Produces Shiga toxin. First seen in 1982, leading cause of diarrhea worldwide.
Shiga toxin
an exotoxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic E. coli
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
caused by Ebola virus, causes fever, blood clotting and hemorrhaging, found near Ebola River, transmitted via blood/body fluids/tissue. 50-90% death rate
Marburg virus
Hemorrhagic fever with identical symptoms as Ebola, rare, human >human, but also bat >human.
Cryptosporidiosis
Caused by Cryptosporidium protozoa, acute short-term diarrhea, causes 30% of diarrhea in developing countries, happened in WI.
