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Microbiology > Chapter 1- The Microbial World and You > Flashcards

Chapter 1- The Microbial World and You Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proved that DNA is hereditary material

A

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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2
Q

Developed vaccine against smallpox

A

Jenner

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3
Q

Discovered how DNA controls protein and synthesis in a cell

A

Jacob and Manod

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4
Q

Discovered penicillin

A

Fleming

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5
Q

Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Lederberg and Tatum

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6
Q

Disproved spontaneous generation

A

Pasteur

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7
Q

First to characterize a virus

A

Stanley

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8
Q

First to use disinfectants in surgical procedures

A

Lister

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9
Q

First to observe bacteria

A

van Leewenhoek

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10
Q

First to observe cells in plant material and name them

A

Hooke

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11
Q

Observed that viruses are filterable

A

Iwanowski

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12
Q

Proved that microorganisms can cause disease

A

Koch

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13
Q

Said living cells arise from preexisting living cells

A

Virchow

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14
Q

Showed that genes code for enzymes

A

Beadle and Tatum

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15
Q

Spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA

A

Berg

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16
Q

Used bacteria to produce acetone

A

Weizmann

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17
Q

Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent (salvarsan)

A

Ehrlich

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18
Q

proposed a classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls

A

Lancefield

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19
Q

Studies biodegradation of toxic wastes

A

microbial ecology and biotechnology

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20
Q

Studies the causative agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

virology

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21
Q

Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria

A

biotechnology, microbial genetics, microbial physiology

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22
Q

Studies the symptoms of AIDS

A

immunology

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23
Q

Studies the production of toxin in E.coli

A

microbial physiology

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24
Q

Studies the life cycle of Cryptosporidium

A

microbial ecology

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25
Q

Develops gene therapy for a disease

A

microbial genetics

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26
Q

Studies the fungus Candida albicans

A

mycology

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27
Q

Maximum size that can be seen by the human eye?

A

200 micrometers (0.2mm)

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28
Q

What is the role of microbiota?

A
  • Prevent bacterial pathogen colonization by competing for space and nutrients
  • lower pH
  • produce bacteriocins
  • eliminate toxins
  • digest and produce vitamins
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29
Q

What are some of the things that microbes can accomplish in the environment?

A

Fixate CO2 and N2

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30
Q

Which microbe can ferment starch?

A

Clostridium acetobutylicum

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31
Q

Which microbe can synthesize cotton?

A

Gluconacetobacter xylinus

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32
Q

Which microbe can produce indigo & how is indigo produced?

A

E. coli can recombinantly express a Pseudomonas enzyme to convert indole to indigo.

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33
Q

Which microbe is used for bleaching?

A

Yeast can recombinantly express peroxidase.

34
Q

Which microbe is used for stone-washing?

A

Trichoderma fungi cellusases

35
Q

What is another name for bioplastic?

A

Bacterial polyhydroxylalkanoate.

36
Q

Properties of bacteria

A
  • unicellular
  • prokaryotes
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
  • reproduce via binary fission
  • reproduce asexually
  • gain energy from mainly organic chemicals, or from inorganic chemicals and photosynthesis
37
Q

Properties of archae

A
  • prokaryotes
  • unicellular
  • cell walls lack peptidoglycan
  • nonpathogenic
  • reproduce via binary fission and asexually
  • many are extremophiles
38
Q

Properties of fungi

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • chitin cell walls
  • can reproduce asexually or sexually
  • use organic chemicals for energy
  • unicellular (yeast)
  • or muticellular as molds and mushrooms (consist of branching and intertwining filaments known as hyphae that form mycelia)
39
Q

Properties of protozoa

A 
Eukaryotic
unicellular
reproduce sexually or asexually
absorb or surround and ingest (some are photosynthetic)
many are motile
40
Q

Properties of algae

A 
Eukaryotes 
cellulose cell walls
uni-and multi-cellular
photosynthetic
sexual and asexual reproduction
41
Q

Properties of viruses

A

Acellular
consist of DNA or RNA in a coat of protein
may be enclosed in a lipid envelope replicate only when in a living host cell (inert when outside a host)

42
Q

Who invented the first compound microscope? And what was the magnification?

A

Zaccharias Jansen; 3x-9x

43
Q

Who invented a primitive compound microscope to see individual cells? And what was the magnification?

A

Robert Hooke; 30x

44
Q

Who came up with the cell theory?

A

Hooke

45
Q

Who first described microorganisms? What was the magnification on his microscope?

A

Leeuwenhoek (father of microbiology), with his simple microscope that had a magnification of 270x due to the better lens.

46
Q

First evidence against spontaneous generation? Why was it criticized?

A

Redi came up with an experiment that involved filling jars with rotten meat and then he noted that the closed jar of meat did not have any maggots while the open jar did. this was criticized because there was no possibility of air getting through.

47
Q

What was the evidence for spontaneous generation?

A

Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks. He heated the flasks, allowed them to cool, and then sealed them. This was flawed in that airborne microbes could have landed in the nutrient brother prior to closing the flask.

48
Q

In 1756, who came up with the evidence against spontaneous generation? What was it?

A

Spallanzani, he boiled nutrient solutions in flasks, one was open and the other wasn’t.

49
Q

who came up with biogenesis?

A

Virchow

50
Q

Cell Theory

A

all living organisms are composed of cells and arise from preexisting cells

51
Q

Biogenesis

A

The theory that living cells only arise from preexisting cells

52
Q

Who finally disproved spontaneous generation? How?

A

Pasteur, he designed an experiment that involved heating nutrient broths in flasks with curved necks that would allow air to enter, but no microbes. He was lucky that there were no endospores in the cultures.

53
Q

What was Pasteur known for?

A

Fermentation (yeasts)

Pasteurization

54
Q

Why does beer/ wine spoil?

A

There is a build up acetic acid

55
Q

Pasteurization

A

the reduction of the number of viable pathogens so that they are less likely to cause disease/spoilage. it is different than boiling because it is simply heated for a longer period of time, it prevents the curdling of the product.

56
Q

Who showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus?

A

Bassi

57
Q

Who showed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan?

A

Pasteur

58
Q

Who showed that fever death rates from child birth could be dropped by hand disinfection?

A

Semmelweis

59
Q

Who proved that a bacterium caused anthrax?

A

Robert Koch

60
Q

What are the types of vaccines that are currently used?

A

related avirulent strains
killed virulent strains
isolated components of virulent strains
genetic engineering techniques

61
Q

Synthetic drugs

A

a chemotherapeutic agent that is prepared from chemical in a laboratory

62
Q

antibiotics

A

an antimicrobial agent, usually produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus

63
Q

What was the first chemical drug?

A

Quinine

64
Q

Coined the term “magic bullet”. What does this term mean?

A

Paul Ehrlich, and for salvarsan (for syphilis). Magic bullet means a compound that could hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host

65
Q

What was the first antibiotic and who discovered it?

A

Penicillin, Fleming

66
Q

Who first produced an animal protein in bacteria?

A

Berg

67
Q

Who showed that genes encode a cell’s enzymes?

A

Beadle & Tatum

68
Q

Who discovered the 3D structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

69
Q

Beneficial activities of microbes

A

Recycling C,N,O,S,P, (producers use CO2 to produce carbs
bacteria can fixate N2
microbes also return CO2 to atmosphere) sewage treatment
bioremediation
insect pest control (B. thuringensis)

70
Q

Biofilm

A 
An aggregation of microbes; they can be diverse and they allow for communication between cells in the extracellular matrix.  protect mucous membranes
provide food for marine life
can clog water pipes
colonize medical implants
gain antibiotic resistance 
decay teeth
71
Q

Bioremediation

A

the use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant

72
Q

What’s an emerging infectious disease?

A

New disease and diseases increasing in incidence.

73
Q

Characteristics of Influenza?

A

Virus, can exist as H5N1 (avian) or H1N1 (swine), nomenclature is based on viral coat. Swine flu was common in 2009 with 17,000 deaths.

74
Q

Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Causes boils, pneumonia, food poisoning

in the 50s, PRSA (penicillin), 80s- MRSA (methicillin), 90s VISA (vancomycin intermediate), ‘02- VRSA (vancomycin resistant)

75
Q

West Nile Encephalitis?

A

Caused by West Nile Virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, first diagnosed in Uganda in ‘37 but appeared in NYC in ‘99

76
Q

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

A

Mad Cow Disease caused by a prion (infectious protein) that propagates by transmitting a misfolded state. Fatal.

77
Q

E. Coli O157:H7

A

Produces Shiga toxin. First seen in 1982, leading cause of diarrhea worldwide.

78
Q

Shiga toxin

A

an exotoxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae and enterohemorrhagic E. coli

79
Q

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

A

caused by Ebola virus, causes fever, blood clotting and hemorrhaging, found near Ebola River, transmitted via blood/body fluids/tissue. 50-90% death rate

80
Q

Marburg virus

A

Hemorrhagic fever with identical symptoms as Ebola, rare, human >human, but also bat >human.

81
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A

Caused by Cryptosporidium protozoa, acute short-term diarrhea, causes 30% of diarrhea in developing countries, happened in WI.

Microbiology (15 decks)

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