Chapter 10- Classification of Microorganisms (EXAM 2) Flashcards
The science of classifying and naming organisms according to how similar they are to other organisms
taxonomy
similarities in organisms are due to relatedness which
reflects __________ relationships
evolutionary
What is the benefit of providing names for organisms?
Providing universal names for organisms facilitates
research, scholarship, and communication.
What was the All Species Inventory (2001-2005)?
- Goal is to identify all species of life on Earth
- 1.7 million species identified (10-100 million species
are estimated) (excludes domestic animals and
single-celled organisms?) (80% remain unknown?) - Run by the nonprofit organization All species
Foundation, which started with a large grant (1
billion dollars) but has been unable to attract
appreciable additional funding.
What is the criticism of the all species inventory?
Reality is that species often have indistinct boundaries. Thus, it is often not possible to
objectively decide when there is a single species or
multiple species.
Named/ founded kingdoms plantae and animalia in 1735
Carolus Linnaeus
introduced the term prokaryote to distinguish cells having no nucleus in 1937
Eduard Chatton (1937)
confirmed and made the prokaryotic-eukaryotic
distinction more widely known via “Microbial World” textbook in 1961
Roger Stanier
Who is the scientist that proposed kingdom prokaryotae in 1968
Robert GE Murray
In 1969, proposed the five kingdom system (Monera : all organisms in the kingdom were prokaryote)
Robert H Whittaker
In 1978, two type of prokaryotic cells were found
Carl Woese
Woese et al. (1990) founded the three domains _______, _______, _______.
Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya
What are the 4 Kingdoms of Woese’s Eukarya?
Animalia
Planta
Fungi
Protista
Is there a consensus on eukaryotic kingdoms?
no
Carl Woese elevated the three cell types to a level above _________.
kingdom
What was the three-domain system based on?
on similarities in rRNA
Genera near the origin or root of the evolutionary tree
appear to have transferred genes ___________
horizontally
The analysis of completed genomes show that each
_______ shares genes with other ________
domain; domains
the bacterium __________ acquired ¼ of its genes from an archaeon
Thermatoga
What cell type are BAE?
prokaryote, prokaryote, and eukaryote
What cell wall components make up BAE?
Archae: varies in composition; contains no peptidoglycan
Bacteria: contains peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes: vary in composition; contain carbohydrates
What membrane lipids make up BAE?
Archae: composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage
Bacteria: composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage
Eukaryotic: composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
What is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for BAE?
Bacteria: formylmethionine
Archae: methionine
Eukaryotic: methionine
Which of the three domains is sensitive to antibiotics?
bacteria
Which of the three domains has an rRNA loop?
bacteria
Which of the three domains has a common arm of tRNA?
bacteria and eukaryotes
What were the two models proposed for the origins of eukaryotes?
I. The nuclear envelope and ER of eukaryotes may have formed by invagination of the plasma membrane II. The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside a host prokaryote
Similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts
support the __________ theory
endosymbiotic theory
What is the difference in DNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?
Prokaryotic: one circular; two circular; some linear
Eukaryotic: linear
mitochondria: circular
What is the difference in histones between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?
prokaryotes: in archae, not bacteria
eukaryotes: all
mitochondria: no
What is the difference in ribosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?
prokaryotes: 70s
eukaryotes: 80s
mitochondria: 70s
What is the difference in growth between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?
prokaryotes: binary fission
eukaryotes: mitosis
mitochondria: binary fission
a bacterium (based on rRNA
sequence) that has a nuclear envelope surrounding its
nucleoid. It’s membranes resemble those of archae.
Gemmata obscuriglobus
a modern example of how eukaryotic cells may have evolved and a protist that harbors a photosynthetic endosymbiont
that resembles a modern-day cyanobacteria. Both host and endosymbiont require each other to survive.
Cyanophora paradoxa
Do cyanophora paradoxa cells contain mitochondria?
yes
Phylogeny/ systemics
The study of the evolutionary history of a organisms
uses the tools of taxonomy to clarify the evolution of organisms, as well as their interrelationships
phylogeny
In phylogenetic hierarchy, grouping organisms according to common properties implies they evolved from a _______
ancestor; each species retaining some of the ancestor’s characteristics (represented in ____________)
common; cladograms
In higher organisms, the information used to determine
phylogenetic relationships comes from what?
- anatomy
- rRNA
- Fossils
Is there a way to measure whether a particular phylogenetic hypothesis is accurate?
no
Microorganisms are not readily __________
fossilized
What are the exceptions to the rule that microorganisms are not readily fossilized?
A. Fossilized colonies of a marine protist from the White cliffs of
Dover, England
B. Fossilized bacterial communities (cyanobacteria and algae)
that formed rocklike formations called stromatolites (0.5 – 2
billion years ago) (formed by the layering of these organisms
in shallow water)
C. Cyanobacteria-like fossils in western Australia,
preserved between quartz sand grains in rocks, metabolized
sulfur and sulfate, oldest known fossils (3.5 billion years ago)
Since ________ evidence is not available for most prokaryotes, their phylogeny must be based on other evidence
fossil
Genome similarities are used to group organisms into _______ and provide a timeline for ______ emergence
taxa
has revolutionized
phylogenetics. Proposes that mutations occur at a constant rate over evolutionary time.
molecular clock hypothesis
what year was the molecular clock hypothesis proposed?
1968
How can one determine the time since two organisms diverged from a common ancestor?
simply by adding up the
number of DNA sequence differences between them
In highly conserved genes (_______) few mutations accumulate over time
rRNAs
In the molecular clock hypothesis, other regions of the __________ change with no apparent effect on the organism
chromosome
Though the general concept of molecular clocks is widely
accepted, controversy still exists over the particulars, especially
accurate calibration of its “________ _______”
ticking rate
In 1995 Raul Cano was examining insects in amber (fossilized tree resin) estimated
to be ____ to ____ million years old. He was able to successfully recovered and germinated bacterial spores of _________ ___________.
25 to 40; Bacillus Sphaericus
What is fossil fuels brewing company?
Echo slide 18
Common Names can vary with _________ and with __________.
geography; languages
Can you have multiple names for the same organism?
Yes
What are common names for saccharomyces cerevisiae?
baker’s yeast
Buttercup (east texas)
Oenothera speciosa
Buttercup (elsewhere)
250 Ranunculus sp.
Binomial Nomenclature
genus + specific epithet
What are some characteristics of binomial nomenclature?
– Used worldwide
– Names taken from Latin (genus name can be
Greek) and may be descriptive or honor a scientist
– Genus name is capitalized and a noun
– Species name is lower case and usually an
adjective
– Both names are underlined or italicized
– Homo sapiens (man/wise)
Source of Genus name:
Honors edwin klebs
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Source of Genus name: Honors Lois Pfister
Pfiesteria piscicida
Source of Genus name: Honors Daniel Salmon
Salmonella typhimurium
Source of Genus name: Chains of cells (strepto-)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Source of Genus name: tuftlike (penicilli-)
Penicillium chrysogenum
Source of Genus name: Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-, body
Trypanosoma cruzi
Source of Specific Epithet: the disease
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Source of
Specific Epithet: disease of the fish
Pfiesteria piscicida
Source of
Specific Epithet: stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)
Salmonella
typhimurium
Source of
Specific Epithet: forms pus (pyo-)
Streptococcus
pyogenes
Source of
Specific Epithet: produces a yellow (chyros-)
Penicillium chrysogenum
Source of Specific Epithet: honors Oswaldo Cruz
Trypanosoma cruzi
Where do you find the rules for naming protozoa and parasitic worms?
International Code for Zoological Nomenclature
Where do you find the rules for naming fungi and algae?
International Code for Botanical Nomenclature
Where do you find the rules for naming prokaryotes?
Bacteriological code
What is the process for naming a newly discovered prokaryote?
1) Establish a name based upon Bacteriological
Code
1) Publish description and evidence for
classification in the International Journal of
Systematic and Evolutionary Biology
3) Once published, name is incorporated into
the reference book Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edition.
Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edition: how many volumes were in the first edition? Year?
The first edition (1984-89)
had four volumes
How is Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edition organized?
organized by domain and phylum
In 1974 the genera Diplococcus and ____________ were combined. The only diplococcal species was renamed
__________ _________ due to its growth in chains in liquid media (was diplococcal in _________)
Streptococcus; Steptococcus pneumonia; sputum
In 1984, DNA hybridization studies indicated that Streptococcus
________ and Streptococcus _______ were only distantly related to other streptococcal species. New genus called __________ was formed and species renamed E. _______ and E. _______.
Streptococcus faecalis; Streptococcus faecium; Enterococcus; E. faecalis and E. faecium
In 2001, based on DNA hybridization and _______ studies some _________ species were placed in a new genus _________
rRNA; Chlamydia; chlamdophila
To avoid confusion when an organism is renamed, the old name
is often written in __________ following the new name
paranthesis
Book organization is strictly phenotypic, with no
attempt to offer a natural higher classification.
• it is utilitarian and is intended to aid in the
identification of bacteria.
• bacteria are divided into 35 easily recognized
phenotypic groups most useful for diagnostic
purposes.
Bergey’s Manual of Determinative
Bacteriology, 9th Edition
Bergey’s group 5
Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative
rods Key differences are: growth factors, morph., gram rxn.,
oxidase rxn., read Genera descriptions Examples: Family
Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae
Bergey’s group 17
Description: Gram-Positive Cocci
Key differences are: oxygen requirements, morph., growth
requirements (45C and supplements), read Genera descriptions
Examples: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Aerococcus
Bergey’s group 18
GROUP 18 Description: Endospore-Forming Gram positive
rods and cocci Key differences are: oxygen requirements,
motility, morph, catalase Examples: Bacillus, Clostridium
Bergey’s group 19
GROUP 19 Description: Regular, Nonsporlating Gram positive
rods Key differences are: morph., oxygen require, catalase
Examples: Lactobacillus, Listeria
