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Microbiology > Chapter 10- Classification of Microorganisms (EXAM 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 10- Classification of Microorganisms (EXAM 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

The science of classifying and naming organisms according to how similar they are to other organisms

A

taxonomy

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2
Q

similarities in organisms are due to relatedness which

reflects __________ relationships

A

evolutionary

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3
Q

What is the benefit of providing names for organisms?

A

Providing universal names for organisms facilitates

research, scholarship, and communication.

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4
Q

What was the All Species Inventory (2001-2005)?

A
  • Goal is to identify all species of life on Earth
  • 1.7 million species identified (10-100 million species
    are estimated) (excludes domestic animals and
    single-celled organisms?) (80% remain unknown?)
  • Run by the nonprofit organization All species
    Foundation, which started with a large grant (1
    billion dollars) but has been unable to attract
    appreciable additional funding.
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5
Q

What is the criticism of the all species inventory?

A

Reality is that species often have indistinct boundaries. Thus, it is often not possible to
objectively decide when there is a single species or
multiple species.

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6
Q

Named/ founded kingdoms plantae and animalia in 1735

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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7
Q

introduced the term prokaryote to distinguish cells having no nucleus in 1937

A

Eduard Chatton (1937)

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8
Q

confirmed and made the prokaryotic-eukaryotic

distinction more widely known via “Microbial World” textbook in 1961

A

Roger Stanier

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9
Q

Who is the scientist that proposed kingdom prokaryotae in 1968

A

Robert GE Murray

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10
Q

In 1969, proposed the five kingdom system (Monera : all organisms in the kingdom were prokaryote)

A

Robert H Whittaker

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11
Q

In 1978, two type of prokaryotic cells were found

A

Carl Woese

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12
Q

Woese et al. (1990) founded the three domains _______, _______, _______.

A

Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya

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13
Q

What are the 4 Kingdoms of Woese’s Eukarya?

A

Animalia
Planta
Fungi
Protista

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14
Q

Is there a consensus on eukaryotic kingdoms?

A

no

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15
Q

Carl Woese elevated the three cell types to a level above _________.

A

kingdom

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16
Q

What was the three-domain system based on?

A

on similarities in rRNA

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17
Q

Genera near the origin or root of the evolutionary tree

appear to have transferred genes ___________

A

horizontally

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18
Q

The analysis of completed genomes show that each

_______ shares genes with other ________

A

domain; domains

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19
Q

the bacterium __________ acquired ¼ of its genes from an archaeon

A

Thermatoga

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20
Q

What cell type are BAE?

A

prokaryote, prokaryote, and eukaryote

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21
Q

What cell wall components make up BAE?

A

Archae: varies in composition; contains no peptidoglycan
Bacteria: contains peptidoglycan
Eukaryotes: vary in composition; contain carbohydrates

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22
Q

What membrane lipids make up BAE?

A

Archae: composed of branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage
Bacteria: composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage
Eukaryotic: composed of straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

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23
Q

What is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for BAE?

A

Bacteria: formylmethionine
Archae: methionine
Eukaryotic: methionine

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24
Q

Which of the three domains is sensitive to antibiotics?

A

bacteria

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25
Q

Which of the three domains has an rRNA loop?

A

bacteria

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26
Q

Which of the three domains has a common arm of tRNA?

A

bacteria and eukaryotes

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27
Q

What were the two models proposed for the origins of eukaryotes?

A 
I. The nuclear envelope
and ER of eukaryotes
may have formed by
invagination of the plasma
membrane
II. The endosymbiotic
theory proposes that
eukaryotic cells
evolved from prokaryotic cells
living inside a host prokaryote
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28
Q

Similarities between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts
support the __________ theory

A

endosymbiotic theory

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29
Q

What is the difference in DNA between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

A

Prokaryotic: one circular; two circular; some linear
Eukaryotic: linear
mitochondria: circular

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30
Q

What is the difference in histones between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

A

prokaryotes: in archae, not bacteria
eukaryotes: all
mitochondria: no

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31
Q

What is the difference in ribosomes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

A

prokaryotes: 70s
eukaryotes: 80s
mitochondria: 70s

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32
Q

What is the difference in growth between prokaryotes and eukaryotes and mitochondria/ chloroplasts?

A

prokaryotes: binary fission
eukaryotes: mitosis
mitochondria: binary fission

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33
Q

a bacterium (based on rRNA

sequence) that has a nuclear envelope surrounding its
nucleoid. It’s membranes resemble those of archae.

A

Gemmata obscuriglobus

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34
Q

a modern example of how eukaryotic cells may have evolved and a protist that harbors a photosynthetic endosymbiont
that resembles a modern-day cyanobacteria. Both host and endosymbiont require each other to survive.

A

Cyanophora paradoxa

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35
Q

Do cyanophora paradoxa cells contain mitochondria?

A

yes

36
Q

Phylogeny/ systemics

A

The study of the evolutionary history of a organisms

37
Q

uses the tools of taxonomy to clarify the evolution of organisms, as well as their interrelationships

A

phylogeny

38
Q

In phylogenetic hierarchy, grouping organisms according to common properties implies they evolved from a _______
ancestor; each species retaining some of the ancestor’s characteristics (represented in ____________)

A

common; cladograms

39
Q

In higher organisms, the information used to determine

phylogenetic relationships comes from what?

A
  1. anatomy
  2. rRNA
  3. Fossils
40
Q

Is there a way to measure whether a particular phylogenetic hypothesis is accurate?

A

no

41
Q

Microorganisms are not readily __________

A

fossilized

42
Q

What are the exceptions to the rule that microorganisms are not readily fossilized?

A

A. Fossilized colonies of a marine protist from the White cliffs of
Dover, England
B. Fossilized bacterial communities (cyanobacteria and algae)
that formed rocklike formations called stromatolites (0.5 – 2
billion years ago) (formed by the layering of these organisms
in shallow water)
C. Cyanobacteria-like fossils in western Australia,
preserved between quartz sand grains in rocks, metabolized
sulfur and sulfate, oldest known fossils (3.5 billion years ago)

43
Q

Since ________ evidence is not available for most prokaryotes, their phylogeny must be based on other evidence

A

fossil

44
Q

Genome similarities are used to group organisms into _______ and provide a timeline for ______ emergence

A

taxa

45
Q

has revolutionized

phylogenetics. Proposes that mutations occur at a constant rate over evolutionary time.

A

molecular clock hypothesis

46
Q

what year was the molecular clock hypothesis proposed?

A

1968

47
Q

How can one determine the time since two organisms diverged from a common ancestor?

A

simply by adding up the

number of DNA sequence differences between them

48
Q

In highly conserved genes (_______) few mutations accumulate over time

A

rRNAs

49
Q

In the molecular clock hypothesis, other regions of the __________ change with no apparent effect on the organism

A

chromosome

50
Q

Though the general concept of molecular clocks is widely
accepted, controversy still exists over the particulars, especially
accurate calibration of its “________ _______”

A

ticking rate

51
Q

In 1995 Raul Cano was examining insects in amber (fossilized tree resin) estimated
to be ____ to ____ million years old. He was able to successfully recovered and germinated bacterial spores of _________ ___________.

A

25 to 40; Bacillus Sphaericus

52
Q

What is fossil fuels brewing company?

A

Echo slide 18

53
Q

Common Names can vary with _________ and with __________.

A

geography; languages

54
Q

Can you have multiple names for the same organism?

A

Yes

55
Q

What are common names for saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

baker’s yeast

56
Q

Buttercup (east texas)

A

Oenothera speciosa

57
Q

Buttercup (elsewhere)

A

250 Ranunculus sp.

58
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

genus + specific epithet

59
Q

What are some characteristics of binomial nomenclature?

A

– Used worldwide
– Names taken from Latin (genus name can be
Greek) and may be descriptive or honor a scientist
– Genus name is capitalized and a noun
– Species name is lower case and usually an
adjective
– Both names are underlined or italicized
– Homo sapiens (man/wise)

60
Q

Source of Genus name:

Honors edwin klebs

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

61
Q

Source of Genus name: Honors Lois Pfister

A

Pfiesteria piscicida

62
Q

Source of Genus name: Honors Daniel Salmon

A

Salmonella typhimurium

63
Q

Source of Genus name: Chains of cells (strepto-)

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

64
Q

Source of Genus name: tuftlike (penicilli-)

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

65
Q

Source of Genus name: Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-, body

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

66
Q

Source of Specific Epithet: the disease

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

67
Q

Source of

Specific Epithet: disease of the fish

A

Pfiesteria piscicida

68
Q

Source of

Specific Epithet: stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)

A

Salmonella

typhimurium

69
Q

Source of

Specific Epithet: forms pus (pyo-)

A

Streptococcus

pyogenes

70
Q

Source of

Specific Epithet: produces a yellow (chyros-)

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

71
Q

Source of Specific Epithet: honors Oswaldo Cruz

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

72
Q

Where do you find the rules for naming protozoa and parasitic worms?

A

International Code for Zoological Nomenclature

73
Q

Where do you find the rules for naming fungi and algae?

A

International Code for Botanical Nomenclature

74
Q

Where do you find the rules for naming prokaryotes?

A

Bacteriological code

75
Q

What is the process for naming a newly discovered prokaryote?

A

1) Establish a name based upon Bacteriological
Code
1) Publish description and evidence for
classification in the International Journal of
Systematic and Evolutionary Biology
3) Once published, name is incorporated into
the reference book Bergey’s Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edition.

76
Q

Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edition: how many volumes were in the first edition? Year?

A

The first edition (1984-89)

had four volumes

77
Q

How is Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd Edition organized?

A

organized by domain and phylum

78
Q

In 1974 the genera Diplococcus and ____________ were combined. The only diplococcal species was renamed
__________ _________ due to its growth in chains in liquid media (was diplococcal in _________)

A

Streptococcus; Steptococcus pneumonia; sputum

79
Q

In 1984, DNA hybridization studies indicated that Streptococcus
________ and Streptococcus _______ were only distantly related to other streptococcal species. New genus called __________ was formed and species renamed E. _______ and E. _______.

A

Streptococcus faecalis; Streptococcus faecium; Enterococcus; E. faecalis and E. faecium

80
Q

In 2001, based on DNA hybridization and _______ studies some _________ species were placed in a new genus _________

A

rRNA; Chlamydia; chlamdophila

81
Q

To avoid confusion when an organism is renamed, the old name

is often written in __________ following the new name

A

paranthesis

82
Q

Book organization is strictly phenotypic, with no
attempt to offer a natural higher classification.
• it is utilitarian and is intended to aid in the
identification of bacteria.
• bacteria are divided into 35 easily recognized
phenotypic groups most useful for diagnostic
purposes.

A

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative

Bacteriology, 9th Edition

83
Q

Bergey’s group 5

A

Facultatively Anaerobic Gram negative
rods Key differences are: growth factors, morph., gram rxn.,
oxidase rxn., read Genera descriptions Examples: Family
Enterobacteriaceae and Vibrionaceae

84
Q

Bergey’s group 17

A

Description: Gram-Positive Cocci
Key differences are: oxygen requirements, morph., growth
requirements (45C and supplements), read Genera descriptions
Examples: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Aerococcus

85
Q

Bergey’s group 18

A

GROUP 18 Description: Endospore-Forming Gram positive
rods and cocci Key differences are: oxygen requirements,
motility, morph, catalase Examples: Bacillus, Clostridium

86
Q

Bergey’s group 19

A

GROUP 19 Description: Regular, Nonsporlating Gram positive
rods Key differences are: morph., oxygen require, catalase
Examples: Lactobacillus, Listeria

Microbiology (15 decks)

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