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Microbiology > Chapter 12- Eukaryotes (EXAM 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 12- Eukaryotes (EXAM 2) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Almost all molds are ________; most yeast are __________ __________; bacteria vary

A

aerobic; facultative anaerobes

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2
Q

Most fungi can tolerate lower _____s and higher _________ _________ (i.e. higher sugar and salt concentrations) than bacteria

A

pHs; osmotic pressure

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3
Q

________ require less moisture and nitrogen for growth than ________

A

fungi; bacteria

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4
Q

Fungi can metabolize complex ____________ for energy (i.e. ________, a component of wood) that most bacteria cannot use

A

carbohydrates; lignin

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5
Q

mycology

A

the study of fungi

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6
Q

What are some harmful effects of fungi? (2)

A
  1. Medically, fungal infections increasing over last 10 yrs due to health care
    related infections and more people with compromised immune systems
  2. Commercially, cause an estimated $1 billion dollars in damages to crops
    annually
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7
Q

What are some beneficial effects of fungi? (3)

A

• Critical for maintenance of the food chain/replenishment of soil nutrients
via decomposition of dead plant material, especially those parts animals can’t break down
• nearly all plants depend on symbiotic fungi
(Mycorrhizae) which aid roots in absorbing
nutrients from the soil
• used by humans as food (mushrooms), and to produce food (bread and citric acid) and drugs (alcohol and penicillin)

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8
Q

what nutritional type are fungi?

A

chemoheterotrophs

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9
Q

are fungi multicellular?

A

yes, except for yeast

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10
Q

how do fungi acquire food?

A

absorption

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11
Q

how do fungi reproduce?

A

sexual and asexual spores

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12
Q

how are most fungi identified?

A

biochemical tests are used for yeast
However, multicellular fungi are identified on the basis of physical appearance: including colony characteristics and reproductive spores

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13
Q

The fungal _______ (body) consists of

filamentous structures called _______

A

thallus; hyphae

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14
Q

multinucleated, long, continuous cells

A

Coenocytic Hyphae

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15
Q

uninucleated ,cell like units created by the formation of septa with a pore in the center

A

Septate Hyphae

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16
Q

portion that anchors and absorbs nutrients

A

vegetative hyphae

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17
Q

portion of the hyphae concerned with growth; projects above the surface of the medium

A

Reproductive/ Aerial Hypha

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18
Q

Under favorable conditions a fungus can
colonize a substrate and produce masses of
hyphae visible to the eye. What is this mass called?

A

A hyphal mass is referred to as a mycelium.

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19
Q

Non-filamentous, unicellular fungi

Typically spherical or oval

A

yeast

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20
Q

what are the two methods by which yeast divide by?

A
  1. fission yeasts

2. budding yeasts

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21
Q

divide symmetrically; eg Schizosaccharomyces pombe

A

fission yeast

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22
Q

divide asymmetrically; eg Saccharomyces

cerevisiae

A

budding yeast

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23
Q

Buds that fail to detach from the parent cell form structures known as ____________

A

pseudohyphae

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24
Q

a human pathogen that requires the

formation of pseudohyphae to aid in its pathogenicity

A

Candida albicans

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25
Q

One yeast cell can in time produce

approximately ____ daughter cells by budding

A

24

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26
Q

Why is it beneficial for yeast to undergo respiration or fermentation?

A

Yeast can use O2 or an organic compound as final e acceptor (respiration or fermentation)
- This allows them to inhabit more environments

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27
Q

For yeasts, which is preferred: aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

aerobic

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28
Q

in absence of ______, yeast can ferment carbohydrates to yield ______ and ______

A

O2; EtOH; CO2

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29
Q

describes the phenomenon whereby the yeast S. cerevisiae, produces EtOH aerobically in the presence of high
external glucose concentrations

A

Crabtree Effect

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30
Q

What are some commercial uses of S. cerevisiae

A
  • alcoholic beverage production

- leavening agent for bread production

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31
Q

What are fungi that grow either as a mold, forming hyphae, or as a yeast through budding called?

A

dimorphic fungi

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32
Q

Dimorphism in fungi can triggered by ___________ and _____ levels.

A

temperature; CO2

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33
Q

Dimorphism in ________ fungi is predominately temperature dependent, yeast-like at _____C and mold-like at ____C

A

pathogenic; 37; 25

yeast pathogens are more dangerous to humans because they thrive at physiologic temperatures

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34
Q

filamentous fungi can reproduce asexually by

____________ of their hyphae

A

fragmentation

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35
Q

unlike bacterial endospores, fungi are true __________ spores. Detaches from parent and germinates into _____ ______

A

reproduction; new mold

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36
Q

Which type of spore is genetically identical to the parent; and originate from a single hyphae?

A

asexual spores

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37
Q

Which type of spores arise from the fusion of nuclei from two opposite mating strains of the same fungal species?

A

sexual spores

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38
Q

Fungi that reproduce both sexually and asexually

A

telomorphs

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39
Q

Fungi that reproduce only asexually

A

anamorphs

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40
Q

a spore not enclosed in a sac

A

Conidiospore/conidium

41
Q

Conidia is produced in a chain at the end of a _____________

A

conidiophore

42
Q

easily dispersed asexual spore

A

conida = dust

43
Q

which type of asexual spore is formed within a sac at the end of an aerial hypha?

A

sporangiospores

44
Q

one ____________ can contain hundreds of ______________.

A

sporagium; sporangiospores

45
Q

what are the two types of asexual spores?

A

conidiospore/ sporagniospore

46
Q

types of conidia

A

Arthroconidia
Blastoconidia
Chlamydoconidia

47
Q

spore released by fragmentation of a septate hypha, Slightly thicker than the hypha it was produced

A

Arthroconidia

48
Q

budding from a parent cel

A

Blastoconidia

49
Q

thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within hyphae

A

Chlamydoconidia

50
Q

what are the three phases of sexual reproduction in spores?

A

Plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Meiosis

51
Q

union of two haploid cells with mixing of the cytoplasm

A

Plasmogamy

52
Q

sexual reporduction phase where + and – nuclei fuse

A

Karyogamy

53
Q

Diploid nucleus produces haploid nuclei
(sexual spores), some of which may be genetic
recombinants

A

meiosis

54
Q

The sexual spores produced by fungi determine the _______

A

phyla

55
Q

However, many fungi reproduce only __________, and cannot be easily placed in a classification based on _________ characters.

A

asexually; sexual

56
Q

Historically, fungi whose sexual cycle had not been observed were put in a “holding category” called ____________.

A

deuteromycota

57
Q

Medically Important Phyla of Fungi

A

Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Deuteromycetes/Fungi Imperfect

58
Q

Most are Ascomycota that have lost ability to produce

sexually ( a few are Basidiomycetes) also are classified by rRNA

A

Deuteromycetes/ Fungi Imperfecti

59
Q

a large diploid spore enclosed in a thick wall

A

Zygospore

60
Q

sexually reproduced spores that are medically important

A

Zygospore
Ascospore
Basidiospore

61
Q

What is the sexual spore that has a multi-nucleated diploid reproductive stage resulting from the fusion of the haploid nuclei from two cells

A

Zygospore

62
Q

spores produced in saclike structure called an _______
- results from the fusion of the nuclei from two cells. ________ spores are produced during meiosis.
What type of sexual spore is this?

A

ascus; haploid; Ascospore

63
Q

What is the sexual spore that has haploid spores formed externally on a __________.

A

pedestal (basidium);

Basidiospore

64
Q

Any fungal disease

A

mycosis

65
Q

Mycoses are generally _________ infections

because fungi grow slowly

A

chronic (long-lasting)

66
Q

since fungi and animals are both ________, drugs
that affect fungal cells may also affect animal cells.
Thus, fungal infections in animals and humans are
often hard to treat

A

eukaryotic

67
Q

Mycoses are classified into _____ groups according
to the degree of tissue involvement and mode of
entry into the host

A

five

68
Q

Degrees of Mycoses (5)

A 
Superficial
Cutaneous or Dermatomycoses
Subcutaneous
Systematic
Opportunistic
69
Q

limited to the outermost layers of the skin and hair. Infections prevalent in tropical climates.

A

superficial

70
Q

infect only the nails, skin and hair. These fungi are called ___________. Transmission occurs from either human or animal to human by ___________ or contact with __________ etc)

A

dermatophytes; direct contact; infected hairs;

description of cutaneous or dermatomycoses

71
Q

beneath the skin; caused by fungi that live in _____ or on __________. Infection occurs by direct spore implantation into a puncture wound

A

soil; vegetation; subcutaneous

72
Q

can affect a number of organs and tissues. Usually caused by _____ fungi. Inhalation of spores is the route of transmission; infections usually spread from lungs to other parts of the body.

A

soil; systematic

73
Q

usually harmless but become pathogenic in an immunocompromised host

A

opportunistic

74
Q

called conjugation fungi, sporangium fungi or common mold

A

Phyla Zygomycota

75
Q

Molds that have coenocytic hyphae

A

Phyla Zygomycota

76
Q

Asexual spore type in phyla zygomycota

A

sporangiospores

77
Q

how do zygomycota reproduce sexually?

A

reproduces sexually by means of zygospores

78
Q
  • called Sac fungi (due to the ________)
    • includes molds with septate hyphae and some yeast
    • Asexual spores: ___________
    • Sexual spores: ___________
A

ascus; conidiospores; ascospores Phyla Ascomycota

79
Q
  • called club fungi derived from the club shape of the __________
  • includes fungi that produce _______
  • posses septate hyphae
  • Asexual spore type: some produce ___________ (others reproduce by ___________)
  • Sexual spore type: ___________
A

basidium; mushrooms; conidiospores; fragmentation; basidiospores (Basidiomycota)

80
Q 
Produce asexual spores only
– rRNA sequencing places most in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_; a
few are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
– Penicillium
– Candida albicans-- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

(Anamorphs) ascomycota; basidiomycota; cutaneous mycoses

81
Q

used to produce citric acid (since 1914)

A

Aspergillus niger

82
Q

used to produce bread, wine, beer, and genetically modified to produce a variety of proteins (i.e. HBV vaccine)

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

83
Q

produces the enzyme Cellulase used to digest

plant cell walls to produce a clear fruit juice, etc.

A

Trichoderma

84
Q

produces Taxol, an anticancer drug (1967- 1993

the bark of Pacific yew trees was only source)

A

Taxomyces

85
Q

kills gypsy moths

A

Entomophaga

86
Q

grows on plant roots. Parasitic weevils that eat the roots die

A

Metarrhizium

87
Q

foam containing fungi used to kill termites

A

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus

88
Q

feeds on other fungi that feed on soybeans

A

Coniothyrium minitans

89
Q

_______ (not bacteria) commonly spoil fruits,
grains and vegetables
- little moisture on the unbroken surface
- fruit interiors are too ______ for many bacteria

A

molds; acidic

90
Q

Molds spoil jams and jellies
- tend to be acidic and have a high _______
due to sugars
- a ________ layer will keep out oxygen and
deter mold growth

A

osmolarity; parrafin

91
Q

Fungi have devastated some tree species

  • A fungal blight caused by an __________ killed almost all spreading chestnut trees in the U.S.
  • The dutch elm disease has devastated the American elm population
A

ascomycete

92
Q

which kingdom are lichens placed into?

A

fungi

93
Q

Mutualistic relationship between a green alga (or ___________) and a fungus (usually an ___________)
– Require the mutualistic relationship for each to exist
– Exist where neither an alga or fungus could exist alone
• typically first life forms to colonize newly exposed soil and rock
• found on trees, concrete and rooftops

A

cyanobacteria; ascomycete

94
Q

Alga produces and secretes ___________; fungus provides attachment (_________) and protection from __________ (cortex)

A

carbohydrates; rhizines; desiccation

95
Q

______ secrete organic acids to chemically weather rock

• Some of the slowest growing organisms on Earth

A

lichens

96
Q

what are the three morphological categories of lichens

A

Fruticose
Foliose
Crustose

97
Q

lichens that have finger-like projections

A

fruticose

98
Q

lichens that are leaf-like

A

foliose

99
Q

lichens that are flat

A

crustose

Microbiology (15 decks)

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