Chapter 14: Altruism

Question 1

Altruistic motivation for altruism

Answer 1

• Goal to help others
  
  • Goal to increase another’s welfare, regardless of other consequences brought about by goal pursuit behavior (including benefits to oneself)

Question 2

Egoistic motivation for altruism

Answer 2

• Self focus
  
  • Goal to increase one’s own welfare, regardless of other consequences brought about by goal pursuit behavior (including benefits to others)

Question 3

Kin selection

Answer 3

• More likely to help people who share your genes; genes have to survive, not you, so help those who share your genes
  * most likely to help people with high degree of relatedness vs no acquaintance
  
  • Doesn’t explain why we help people who aren’t related

Question 4

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 4

• We help those who help us back
  
  • Tit for Tat strategy
  • Reciprocal norms

Question 5

Negative state relief hypothesis

Answer 5

• Seeing someone in distress makes us feel bad

* we help to eliminato our own negative feelings

Question 6

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 6

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• Someone times we help even at great personal cost
• Empathic concern
  • identifying with another person, feeling and understanding what that person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person in need

Question 7

Kitty Genovese + bystander effect

Answer 7

• Kitty Genovese was a new york women who was stabbed to death publicly for about 30 minutes, no one called the police
• a social psychological phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders.

Question 8

5-stage model of bystander intervention

Answer 8

• 1st: Notice a person/situation that requires help
  
  • 2nd: Interpreting that help is needed
  • 3rd: Taking responsibility for helping
  • 4th: Deciding how to help
  • 5th: Actually helping

Question 9

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 9

-a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present.

Question 10

How can we increase helping?

Answer 10

• Attract attention
• Make it clear that it is an emergency
• Single someone out
• Raise awareness about lack of helping