Chapter 12: Group

Question 1

Dominant Response

Answer 1

The reaction most easily elicited by a stimulus

Question 2

Zajonc;s model of social facilitation

Answer 2

The presence of others produces arousal

Increases likelihood of dominant response; so if easy task - dominant response is do better

If hard task - dominant response can make you do worse

Question 3

Mere presence of others effect

Answer 3

Presence of others disrupts or hinders performance especially if no feedback is given

Question 4

Evaluation apprehension

Answer 4

Concerns for how others are viewing us
Good looking woman and jogger:
- we run faster when the woman is looking at us, less when they are not.

Question 5

Distraction-Conflict theory **

Answer 5

conflict between paying attention to others and paying attention to the task

Overloads our cognitive resources and leads to arousal:
- Bursts of light and loud noises also increase dominant response

Question 6

Social loafing

Answer 6

tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their offers toward a common goal when they are individually accountable

Question 7

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 7

Tendency for each group member to dilute personal responsibility for acting by spreading it among all other group members

Question 8

Ways to eliminate social loafing

Answer 8

1. Assign individual tasks and make people individually accountable
2. Make individuals accountable
3. Make tasks challenging and involving
4. Make the goal important and compelling to all
5. Make individuals feel their contribution is important

Question 9

Groupthink

Answer 9

The deterioration of group judgement produced by striving for consensus

• Bay of pigs, vietnam war, Challenger explosion
• Whale example in class

Question 10

Components/symptoms of groupthink

Answer 10

1. Illusion of invulnerability
2. Unquestioned belief in groups morality
3. Rationalization
4. Stereotyped view of opponent
5. conformity pressure
6. Self censorship
7. Mindguard (opposite of devils advocate, someone who says this is what were doing and you are going along with it
8. Illusion of unanimity

Question 11

Ways to prevent groupthink

Answer 11

1. Be impartial
2. Have a devils advocate
3. Subdivide the group
4. Encourage and welcome criticisms from outsiders
5. Before implementation, call a second chance meeting

Question 12

Self Censorship

Answer 12

Act of censoring one’s own work out of fear or because of the sensibilities or preferences of others and without any pressure from specific party or institution of authority

Question 13

Risky Shift & Group polarization

Answer 13

group produced enhancement of members pre-existing tendencies

Question 14

Deindividuation

Answer 14

When in groups, people often abandon normal restraint

• lose sense of self awareness and responsibility
• Group fosters anonymity

Question 15

Self awareness theory - Book

Answer 15

When people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values

Question 16

Spotlight effect - Book

Answer 16

Idea that people are paying more attention to you than they actually are

Question 17

What is a group?

Answer 17

Three or more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other

Question 18

Minimal group paradigm

Answer 18

Even arbitrary and virtually meaningless distinctions between groups can trigger a tendency to favor ones own group at the expense of others

Question 19

Psychological need to form a group

Answer 19

Inclusion - Desire to be part of and accepted by group
Control - need to guide the group by organizing and maintaining groups control
Affection - need to maintain open and positive relations with others

Question 20

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 20

Perception of our group members as being more similar to one another than in group members

• They all look alike, we are diverse
• Own race bias and line up studies

Question 21

Social roles

Answer 21

Shared expectations in a group how about particular people are supposed to behave, more specific to a particular person or category, (injunctive norms are more broad, IE don’t litter etc)