Chapter 13: Aggression

Question 1

Hostile Aggression

Answer 1

-aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

Question 2

Instrumental aggression

Answer 2

-aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Question 3

Relational aggression

Answer 3

-aggression that harms another person through the manipulation of relationships

Question 4

Heat and aggression

Answer 4

-Heat makes us more cranky and uncomfortable which leads to aggression

Question 5

Media and aggression

Answer 5

Bushman (2002): Media Can:
Increase perceptions of world as a violent place
Reduce inhibitions toward aggression
Increase imitation of specific aggressive acts
Lead to misattribution of arousal to anger
Desensitize people to the severity of violence
Decrease empathy for victims of violence
Increase endorsement of violence to solve social problems

Question 6

Anonymity and aggression

Answer 6

-Zimbardo (1969) •
Found that participants seated in anonymous, separated cubicles shocked a confederate longer than participants who were easily identifiable

Question 7

Weapons effect

Answer 7

the mere presence of a weapon or a picture of a weapon leading to more aggressive behavior in humans, particularly if these humans are already aroused

Question 8

Instinct theories of aggression

Answer 8

-Defined by freud, says that aggression is an innate part of our psychology and a cause of our evolution and life and death instinct

Question 9

Hydraulic model of aggression

Answer 9

• Aggression serves a survival function

- When aggression is not released it builds up until it explodes

Question 10

Frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 10

• Frustration caused by blocking of goal directed behavior

- This frustration leads to aggression

Question 11

Scapegoat hypothesis

Answer 11

-When the cause of frustration is vague, hostility and aggression are redirected to an easy target

Question 12

Social learning theory of aggression

Answer 12

-Aggression is a direct result of observation of our environment, social norms, and the media

Question 13

Culture and honor

Answer 13

Cultural concern with defending one’s reputation and honor -People from a culture of honor are more likely to be aggressive after being insulted
-Found in the South and Western U.S., Navajo tribes, Arab cultures, Latino cultures (machismo)

Question 14

Catharsis

Answer 14

-purging of emotions, but no evidence that it actually reduces aggressive behavior

Question 15

How to reduce anger

Answer 15

• heat reduction
• Communication (face to face meetings)
• Apologizing, making amends, and acts of reparation