Chapter 14 Flashcards
What depends on police supervisors who lead their lives and manage their relationships around values and ethics?
Trust
Community-oriented policing services
Problem-oriented policing
Mission
Community-oriented policing services
What do police supervisors who lead their lives and manage their relationships around values and ethics do?
They see and believe in a mission that is devoted to serving and helping their customers
They exercise self-discipline and are not afraid of hard work
They know how and where to allocate their time
All of the above
All of the above
What depends on police leaders who can convert COPS into operational reality?
The community
The officers
Problem-oriented policing
The goals of a vision/mission statement
Problem-oriented policing
What is the action and performance of COPS?
Problem-oriented policing
An operational reality
Community participation
All of the above
Problem-oriented policing
_____ gives us a destination, while _____ provides a path to get there.
POP / COPS
COPS / POP
Leaders / COPS
Community / POP
COPS / POP
What are the basic elements of COPS and POP?
Officer’s knowledgeable of the community values of the area they serve
Citizen participation
Police officer - citizen communication
All of the above
All of the above
What was the purpose of federally funded police-community relations models that sprang up throughout the country?
Encourage communication, promote mutual support, and bring police officers closer to the community
Promote communication with the community, encourage mutual support, and allow officers to work with the community
Experience success through community relations while making the police agencies stronger from within
By providing positive examples of community relations, allow the agencies to communicate better with the citizens, and to build team cohesiveness
Encourage communication, promote mutual support, and bring police officers closer to the community
What was burdened by a lack of documented successes and failures?
Community-oriented policing programs
Problem-oriented policing programs
Early team-policing programs
All of the above
Early team-policing programs
Agencies with team policing were not aware that the elements of team policing would prove to be incompatible with what other elements?
COPS and POP
Preventive patrol and rapid response to calls for service
Quality and quantity of calls being handled
Federally funded team-policing programs
Preventive patrol and rapid response to calls for service
Who instituted a program in the early 1970s and was considered to be the showcase of federally funded team-policing programs?
Holyoke Police Department
Pennsylvania State Police Department
UCLA and Duke Universities
Karl Wallenda
Holyoke Police Department
What did the team, in 1970, focus on?
Human relations and language
Traditional cultures of those residing in certain wards
Routine police function
All of the above
All of the above
Why is there a greater need today for COPS?
Immigration
Police and citizens do not share common beliefs
The well-being is not understood to be driven by mutual
respect
All of the above
All of the above
and….
“burgeoning immigration of different races and cultures, clustering together in crowded, often sub-standard housing areas, where the police and citizens do not share common beliefs, know or trust one another, or even speak a common language, and where it is not understood that the well-being of each one is driven by mutual respect and engagement from the other.”
What tactics does crime fighting rely on?
Performance measurements and technology
Patrol and rapid response to calls for service
Follow-up investigation of crimes
All of the above
All of the above
How was the police focus on serious crime sharpened?
Developing forensic technology
Screening calls for service
Targeting patrol
All of the above
All of the above
Why have the crime fighting tactics been bashed within and outside policing?
For not decreasing the crime statistics
For being proactive rather than reactive
For being reactive rather than proactive
For lack of participation
For being reactive rather than proactive
Which is a merit of reactive tactics?
They do not develop the sorts of relationships with citizens that could bias their responses to crime incidents
Covert surveillance
The use of criminal informants
All of the above
They do not develop the sorts of relationships with citizens that could bias their responses to crime incidents
What has been created as a proactive tactic to deal with crimes in drug dealing, organized crime, and large-scale crowd disobedience?
Police keep their distance from the community and thereby retain their impartiality
Specialized units that rely on informants
Responding quickly to calls for service
All of the above
Specialized units that rely on informants
What do specialized units rely on?
Informants
Covert surveillance
Undercover investigations
All of the above
All of the above
What was created in the area of juvenile offenses?
Athletic leagues and they formed partnerships with schools to deal with drug abuse, gang activity, and truancy
Specialized units focusing on juveniles
Law enforcement within the school districts
All of the above
Athletic leagues and they formed partnerships with schools to deal with drug abuse, gang activity, and truancy
How is improved crime control achieved?
By being more proactive
By having more community involvement
By building self defense capabilities within the community itself
By going where crimes have occurred and when citizens have summoned them
By building self defense capabilities within the community itself
and…
“-diagnosing and focusing on problems in the specific community that produces specific crimes
-implementing real-time, anticipatory COMPSTAT technology.”
What would enable the police to leverage the resources of citizen groups and other public agencies to control crime?
Utilizing existing tactics
If the police increase the quantity and quality of their contact with citizens
By showing a more rapid response to calls for service
The crime rate statistics show a drop in the crime rate
If the police increase the quantity and quality of their contact with citizens
If officers are taken from patrol and detective units to do problem-oriented or community-oriented policing, when will response times shorten?
When the problem-solving efforts decrease the demands for service by removing the problem that is producing the calls for service
Response times will not shorten, they will increase
When they are able to remove what is causing the problem in the community
When they have more resources to increase police response
When the problem-solving efforts decrease the demands for service by removing the problem that is producing the calls for service
Why are longer response times perceived as indicating a loss in crime-fighting bottom-line statistics?
The department values rapid response to crime calls
The community values rapid response to crime calls
The department and the community value rapid response to crime calls
The public and the police value rapid response to crime calls
The public and the police value rapid response to crime calls
What is COPS primarily a matter of?
Decentralization and initiative
Philosophy, leadership style, and decentralization
Philosophy, leadership style, and structure
Decentralization, leadership style, and structure
Philosophy, leadership style, and structure
What does COPS require?
Transition
Initiative
Decentralization
Structure
Decentralization
What does COPS depend on?
Initiative
Decentralization
Structure
Transition
Initiative
The emphasis of COPS is changed from the police’s enforcing laws and making arrests to what?
The protection of life and of property
Forming a proactive partnership with the community to solve problems
The transition from traditional policing to the community directing police where to focus
All of the above
Forming a proactive partnership with the community to solve problems
What are mission statements revised to reflect?
Initiative
Structure
Transition
Decentralization
Transition
What does COPS hinge on?
A need for money
A need for internal transformation and community support
A need for employees
A need for the community striving for law and order
A need for internal transformation and community support
What is the traditional view of a police department strategy?
The police department is the key defense against disorder and crime
A major source of strength for maintaining the quality of life is with community involvement
Police should partner with the community
Provide communities with sufficient information
The police department is the key defense against disorder and crime
What is the COPS strategy?
Citizens should leave control of crime and maintenance of order to police
Police are a communities front-line answer to crime and disorder
Police should move into a community aggressively
Police should partner with the community’s ability to create safe neighborhoods
Police should partner with the community’s ability to create safe neighborhoods
Who is the first line of defense in a neighborhood?
Police
Citizens
Community and police
Security systems
Citizens
What must law enforcement first provide communities with?
Feeling of security
Trust
Sufficient information
Cooperation
Sufficient information
How long does COPS require before significant results can be measured?
One to three years
Three to five years
Five to ten years
There is no time limit. It is determined by the amount of community involvement
Three to five years
Who does COPS benefit?
Community
Community and police
The department
Everyone
Community and police
How does COPS benefit the community?
Customized police service
Greater citizen support
Better internal relationships
Shared responsibility
Customized police service
and... "-a commitment to crime prevention -public scrutiny of police operations -accountability to the public -community organization"
What is almost certain to gain the citizens’ appreciation about the complexity of police operations?
Providing sufficient information
Officers being accountable to the public
When a community’s respect for police increases so does their support
Public scrutiny of police operations
Public scrutiny of police operations
With COPS, who are officers more accountable to?
Their supervisors
Each other
The public
Themselves
The public
Why will officers increase their responsiveness to neighborhood problems?
COPS strives to prevent crime and disorder
The respect and support for the police will increase
Officers are able to resolve issues within a reasonable amount of time
Police services will be localized
Police services will be localized
What has a significant bearing on the success of police efforts to evaluate neighborhood problems?
As partnerships are formed, the two groups will be better equipped to work together
The degree to which the community is involved
Whether or not the community trust the police department
If the citizens feel connected to the police
The degree to which the community is involved
How does COPS benefit police?
Greater citizen support
Customized police service
Community organization
A commitment to crime prevention
Greater citizen support
and... "-shared responsibility -greater job satisfaction -better internal relationships -support for organizational change"
What increases as people’s knowledge of police work increases?
Their respect and support for the police
The number of arrest in the neighborhood
Better internal relationships
Greater job satisfaction
Their respect and support for the police
Why do police have a greater job satisfaction with COPS?
There is more community involvement
Citizens develop a greater sense of shared responsibility
Officers are able to resolve issues within a reasonable amount of time
Police are more connected to the citizens
Officers are able to resolve issues within a reasonable amount of time
How is the “silo” affect reduced?
Assesses current responses
COPS focuses on system-wide problem-solving and accountability
Officer are more accountable to the public
All of the above
COPS focuses on system-wide problem-solving and accountability
Which is an advantage of Citizen Police Academies?
CPAs give people a conduit to interact positively with police
CPAs give citizens a working knowledge of a police department’s mission, operation, policies, personnel, and challenges
CPAs help to grow a relationship of trust and cooperation between the police and citizens
All of the above
All of the above
What emphasizes the value of being able to methodically diagnose the continuing issues that reside behind the incidents that are reported to police employees and then to design and implement customized solutions to those issues?
COP
POP
Traditional policing
Early team-policing
POP
How does Herman Goldstein define a police department as practicing POP?
Evaluates the effectiveness of solutions
Supports for organizational changes
Takes a reactive response to problems within the community
All of the above
Evaluates the effectiveness of solutions
and…
“-identifies substantive community problems
-inquires systematically into their nature
-analyzes community interest and special interest in each problem
-assesses current responses
-conducts an uninhibited search for tailor-made solutions
-takes initiative in implementing solutions”
What is the department not engaging when the sole police response to a community problem is to stop the behavior of the current troublemakers?
COP
POP
Traditional policing
Early team-policing
POP
How are police agencies driven?
Incident - driven
Problem - driven
A combination of incident-driven and problem-driven
By their vision and mission statement
A combination of incident-driven and problem-driven
What are characteristics of being incident-driven?
Reactive
Rely on limited information gathered mostly from victims, witnesses, and suspects and on statistics to measure performance
Primary means of handling incidents is to invoke the criminal justice process
All of the above
All of the above
What does being incident-driven mean?
Aimed at singular incidents or problems
Aimed at group incidents or problems
Attempting to control crimes by means other than arrests
All of the above
Aimed at singular incidents or problems
What are the exceptions to incident-driven agencies?
Disturbances in progress
Traffic violations
Crime prevention and narcotics investigations
All of the above
Crime prevention and narcotics investigations
What is often the key to resolution in incident-driven agencies?
Making numerous arrests
Visibility
Communication
Threat of enforcing the law
Threat of enforcing the law
How does the practice of POP seek to improve on other professional crime-fighting strategies?
Searching for predatory offenders
By ensuring the strategies are compatible and not confrontational
By adding proactivity and imagination
All of the above
By adding proactivity and imagination
What assumption does POP make about crimes?
The superficial symptoms of crime are avoided
They could be caused by ongoing and underlying problems in a community
The real causes of crime are fervently pursued
All of the above
They could be caused by ongoing and underlying problems in a community
In POP, what is galvanized as a crime-fighting tool?
Applied imagination of police employees
Proactivity of police employees
Information received from the community
The trust placed into the police by the community
Applied imagination of police employees
What are essential steps in POP?
Problem identification and problem definition
Applied imagination and proactivity of police employees
Providing the community with sufficient information
All of the above
Problem identification and problem definition
With problem-driven perspectives, what can police use for mediating disputes?
Imagination
Communication
Negotiating and conflict-resolving skills
All of the above
Negotiating and conflict-resolving skills
In problem-driven departments, what does problem solving depend on?
Negotiating and conflict-resolving skills
Initiative and skills
Communication skills
Knowledge about the community
Initiative and skills
Why must an agency become agile and empower its employees?
POP depends on the imagination of the police employee
POP depends on the negotiating and conflict-resolving skills of the police employees
POP depends on the proactivity of the police employees
POP depends on the individual initiative of the police employees
POP depends on the individual initiative of the police employees
What does POP place first?
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Initiative
Imagination
Effectiveness
Why should agencies use POP?
Lack of success
Reaction
Culture
All of the above
All of the above
and... "-efficiency has been inefficient -scarce resources -community partnership -brainpower -expanded mission"
What has not proved itself effective in crime control?
Incident-driven
Problem-driven
Professional crime-fighting strategy
All of the above
Professional crime-fighting strategy
In POP, who is expected to prevent or reduce community problems?
Citizens
Each police employee
The supervisor
All of the above
Each police employee
What relationship is POP based on?
Police-public
Officer-supervisor
Police-suspect
The neighbors of the community
Police-public
- Whose thinking does POP depend on?
a. Officer
b. Citizens
c. The team
d. Everyone
d.Everyone
- On what premise does POP operate?
a. Good ideas come from the top
b. Good ideas come from the bottom
c. Good ideas come from the community
d. Good ideas come from anyone
d.Good ideas come from anyone
- What is the POP culture keyed to?
a. Efficiency
b. Effectiveness
c. Response time
d. Calls for service
b.Effectiveness
- In POP, who must understand and appreciate what the police are accountable for doing?
a. Police employee and the department
b. The policy makers
c. The community
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
- Which are signposts that serve as a beacon for a successful POP program?
a. It must be capable of being transferred to other law enforcement agencies
b. It must encourage police employees to cooperate with members of other public and private agencies to design action plans
c. It must involve all department members
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
and….
“It must guarantee the use of a wide variety of data sources.
It must be an integral part of police operations, without creating special unit or requiring additional resources.”
- What does SARA stand for?
a. Scanning, analysis, response, and assessment
b. Service, analyze, report, and assessment
c. Scan, analyze, report, and assess
d. Scanning, analysis, reaction, and assessment
a.Scanning, analysis, response, and assessment
- Who designed and tested SARA?
a. Massachusetts Police Department and Duke University
b. Police Executive Research Forum and the Newport News Police Department
c. Virginia Police Department
d. Police Executive Research Forum and Massachusetts Police Department
b.Police Executive Research Forum and the Newport News Police Department
- What are the three phases of POP?
a. Focus on substantive problems, problem identification, and approaches
b. Problem identification, problem analysis, and setting up a system
c. Problem identification, problem analysis, and approaches
d. Effectiveness first, problem identification, and problem analysis
c. Phase A: Problem identification
Steps 1-3
Phase B: problem analysis
Steps 4-7
Phase C: approaches
Steps 8-11- What are the steps of problem identification(Phase A)?
a. Grouping incidents as problems, focus on substantive problems, and effectiveness first
b. Focus on substantive problems, setting up a system, and redefining problems
c. Problem analysis, approaches, and legal intervention
d. Grouping incidents as problems, effectiveness first, and redefining problems
a.
- Grouping incidents as problems
- Focus on substantive problems
- Effectiveness first
Phase A is steps 1-3
- What is problem identification similar to?
a. Problem analysis
b. Effective analysis
c. Internal management
d. Strategic planning
d.Strategic planning
- What is the first component of POP?
a. Strategic planning
b. Move beyond just incident handling
c. Problem solving
d. Probing for connections
b.Move beyond just incident handling
- Which problems are substantive problems?
a. Recurring problems
b. Problems that justify establishing a police agency in the first place
c. Poor training
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
- What habit is hard to break?
a. Malingering officers
b. Low pay
c. Internal management
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
- What is effectiveness defining for a specific agency, in a particular community?
a. What ought to be tackled and in what order of priority
b. What a leader is responsible for
c. Getting results - making something stop or go away
d. Statistics that reveal a reduced increase in crime rates over the last year
a.What ought to be tackled and in what order of priority
- What does an analysis of problems include?
a. Scientific rules
b. Types of information
c. Source of information
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
- Who is likely to be the best resource for deciding what kinds of information are needed to solve the problem?
a. Strengths-based leaders
b. Those who identified the problem in the first place
c. The community where the problem is occurring
d. The officer
b.Those who identified the problem in the first place
- What can the sources of information include?
a. Victims and perpetrators
b. Existing literature and police files
c. Community and other agencies
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
and…
“knowledge of line employees”
- What should a POP report adhere to?
a. The circumstances in the officer’s view
b. An objective opinion
c. The facts
d. Reason and logic
c.The facts
- What does systematic analysis include?
a. Police files and existing literature
b. Knowledge of line employees
c. Telephone questionnaire
d. Other agencies
c.Telephone questionnaire”and individual surveys of those who might know something about the problem”
and…
“literature searches of government and private-sector repositories.”
- What makes or breaks a POP program?
a. Deciding what is working now
b. Problem definition
c. Setting up a system
d. Evaluation and feedback
b.Problem definition
- What ultimately determines how we go after a problem?
a. Interagency cooperation
b. Increased or expanded regulations
c. The problem analysis
d. How we perceive and label a problem
d.How we perceive and label a problem
- What is an effective way of constructing a response to a problem?
a. To determine who is or ought to be interested in criminal activity
b. For the police to develop a successful plan to deal with the problem
c. Conflict management
d. Redefining the problem
a.To determine who is or ought to be interested in criminal activity
- Who frequently has the answers to the problem?
a. Management
b. Community
c. Officers
d. All of the above
c.Officers
- What is one of POP’s major strengths?
a. Process of making “public” public information
b. “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”
c. Finding out who is interested in the problem
d. Community involvement
b.“If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it”
- Which is a group of an optional approach?
a. Defensible space
b. Decision visibility
c. Evaluation and feedback
d. All of the above
a.Defensible space
and... "-frequent offenders -interagency cooperation -conflict management -process of making 'public' public information -galvanizing of citizens -existing controls -increased or expanded regulations -legal intervention"
Who should be targeted when attacking the problem?
a. Community
b. Victim
c. Frequent offenders
d. The problem area
c.Frequent offenders
- Which group of the optional approaches uses mediation and negotiation?
a. Conflict management
b. Interagency cooperation
c. Existing controls
d. Decision visibility
a.Conflict management
- Which group is underused but a potentially highly potent problem-solving tool?
a. Increased or expanded regulation
b. Process of making “public” public information
c. Legal intervention
d. Interagency cooperation
b.Process of making “public” public information
- What are some of the uses of making “public” public information?
a. To educate people about their rights and responsibilities as citizens
b. To indicate what the police can and cannot do
c. To help people solve their own problems
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
- Where do authority figures deploy their influence?
a. Defensible space
b. Existing controls
c. Legal intervention
d. Conflict management
b.Existing controls
- What is an example of authority figures deploying influence?
a. Apartment manager - renter
b. Teacher - principal
c. Community - offender
d. Supervisor - supervisor
a.Apartment manager - renter
- Which option requires a lot of imagination and risk taking?
a. Legal intervention
b. Evaluation and feedback
c. Increased or expanded regulations
d. Conflict management
c.Increased or expanded regulations
- Which option requires experimentation and a willingness to take a chance?
a. Legal intervention
b. Frequent offenders
c. Evaluation and feedback
d. Galvanizing of citizens
a.Legal intervention
- What is “technology transfer”?
a. Retrofitting a piece of equipment for another department
b. Using a piece of equipment or program in one organization that functioned well in another
c. Experimenting with different types of technology for the right fit
d. Redesigning a program for another department
b.Using a piece of equipment or program in one organization that functioned well in another
- What does POP rely on?
a. Canned approaches
b. Retrofitting equipment
c. Tailor-made responses
d. Innovations from other agencies
c.Tailor-made responses
- How does POP take the offensive?
a. The initial identification of problems must be constant and complete
b. The police must be active in educating member of the public and placing choices before them
c. The police should be advocates for the community
d. All of the above
d.All of the above
- What assists community members to understand that the police do not have as much authority as they think and that the police will try very hard, yet sometimes fail?
a. Officer educating the public on why certain things are or are not done
b. Process of making “public” public information
c. Conflict management
d. Setting up a system
a.Officer educating the public on why certain things are or are not done
- What is a concluding POP step?
a. Decision visibility
b. Evaluation and feedback
c. Communicating to the public
d. Identifying what fixed the problem
b.Evaluation and feedback
- What is POP likely to fail without?
a. Legal intervention
b. Problem identification
c. Placing effectiveness first
d. Evaluation and feedback
d.Evaluation and feedback
What are the steps of Problem Analysis (Phase B)?
Step 4: Setting up a system
Step 5: Redefining problems
Step 6: Who’s interested (or should be)?
Step 7: What’s working now?
What are the steps of Approaches (Phase C)?
Step 8: Customized or canned?
Step 9: Take the offensive
Step 10: Decision visibility
Step 11: Evaluation and feedback
