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Biology 30-1 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

produce gametes and sex hormones that control development and function of the reproductive system

ovaries and testes

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2
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

structures that have a direct role in reproduction

gonads penis vagina uterus

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3
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

distinct features of the male/females that don’t have a distinct role in reproduction

deep voice beats wide hips

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4
Q

Parts of the testes

A 
seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells
interstitial cells
epididymus
ductus deference
ejaculatory duct
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5
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm through spermatogenesis

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6
Q

Sertoli cells

A

nourish and support developing sperm, protect sperm from white blood vessels, release inhibin to prevent sperm production during childhood

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7
Q

interstitial cells

A

produce and secretes testosterone

regulated by the luteinizing hormone LH from anterior pituitary

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8
Q

epididymus

A

connects testes to the ductus deference

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9
Q

ductus deference

A

stores and transports sperm to the ejeculatory duct

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10
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

delivers sperm from ductus deference to the penis

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11
Q

Penis

A

transfers sperm to female reproductive parts

tip is called the glans penis and is protected by foreskin

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12
Q

Seminal fluid

A

fluid from different glands thats mixed with sperm

contains:
fructose fluid for sperm energy from the seminal vesicles
prostaglandin hormone
mucous
fluid that neutralizes acid in urine in the urethra from prostate and cowpers glands
sperm

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13
Q

Prostaglandin Hormone

A

stimulates the urethra vagina and uterus to contract

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14
Q

Prostate / cowpers glands

A

creates fluid that neutralizes acid in urine in the urethra

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15
Q

Parts of sperm

A

head-contains 23 chromosomes and covered in a acrosome cap with enzymes for penetrating the egg

middle piece- contains mitochondria for to make energy for the tail
flagellum (tail)-used for swimming

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16
Q

Ovaries function

A

produce ova through oogenesis and alternate activity btw each other

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17
Q

Follicles

A

a cell in the ovaries where ova develop, follicle matures and ruptures to release ova into the oviduct with fimbriae

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18
Q

Oviduct function

A

tubes that carry the ovum to the uterus using cilia during halfway through the menstrual cycle

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19
Q

Endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus, fed by blood vessels to provide nutrients to the fetus

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20
Q

Egg Fertilization process

A

ovum survives 24hours in the oviduct
fertilized egg travels down oviduct for 3-5 days
endometrium thickens
egg will implant in endometrium if fertilized
menstruation occurs if not

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21
Q

STI

A

infection transmitted through bodily fluid

three types: viral, bacterial, parasitic

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22
Q

HIV

A

virus-no cure

attacks helper T cells of immune system which ncrease the chances of other infection

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23
Q

AIDS

A

final stage of HIV where immune system is beyond repair

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24
Q

Hep A

A

viral infection from contaminated water and oral/anal contact
vaccine

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25
Hep B
flu like virus affecting the liver | transmits through placenta and person can be a carrier
26
Hep C
viral infection from blood to blood contact
27
Genital Herpes
viral infection causing itching, blistering, and flu like symptoms outbreaks can reappear so medication is used to control it increased risk of HIV
28
HPV
genital warts caused by skin to skin contact can be an unknown carrier and is linked to cancer vaccine
29
Chlamydia
bacterial infection affecting more women then men, causes fever, during during urination, and discharge leads to PID in women which causes infertility, increased risotto HIV, and transmission during childbirth antibiotics
30
Gonorrhea
bacterial infection affecting more men then women, affects the urethra rectum cervix and throat symptoms are painful urnation, discharge, develops into PID and infects newborns antibiotics
31
Syphilis
bacterial infection with three stages chancres rash cardiovascular/nervous system infection infects embryos antibiotics
32
Male Reproductive hormones
Testis determining factor GnRH FSH LH
33
Testis determining factor
gene in Y chromosomes that signals production of male sex hormones and begins development of male sex structures in the fetus
34
GnRH
begins puberty and stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
35
FSH
causes production of sperm in seminiferous tubules and release of inhibin control: neg feedback, inhibin acts on anterior pituitary gland to inhibit production of FSH which keeps sperm levels constant
36
LH
causes production and release of testosterone from interstitial cells control: neg feedback, testosterone inhibits release of LH from anterior pituitary
37
Andropause
declining testosterone levels w aging causing loss of muscle sperm and depression
38
Reproductive hormones in females
hypothalamus triggers GnRH to begin puberty and trigger anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH to emulate estrogen progesterone secondary sex characteristics and reproductive cycle
39
ovarian cycle
follicle matures nd releases an ovum each cycle two stages: 1 follicle stage 2. luteal stage
40
Follicle Stage of Ovarian Cycle
an increase in FSH causes the follicle to mature which releases estrogen and progesterone estrogen inhibits FSH which triggers release of GnRH to stimulate LH and cause ovulation
41
Ovulation
follicle ruptures releasing an ovum into the oviduct, occurs halfway through cycle if implantation occurs hCG maintains high estrogen and progesterone in blood to stop the ovarian cycle and maintain the endometrium
42
Luteal Stage of Ovarian Cycle
ruptured follicle develops into corpus lute by LH, the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone to inhibit FSH and LH production the corpus luteum degenerates which decreases estrogen and progesterone causing the cycle to begin again
43
Uterine Cycle
tissue and blood vessels of endometrium develop to support life unless fertilization doesn't occur which will cause menses cycle begins on first day of mentruation
44
Stages of Embryonic development
embryonic period - 8 weeks | fetal period - 9th week to 9th month
45
Zoa Pellucida
clear layer of protein/ carbohydrates surrounding the plasma membrane
46
Corona Radiata
follicle cells surrounding the zone pellucid that provide nourishment to the egg
47
Cleavage
cell division and th zygote begins to divide into 16cells
48
Morula
a 16 cell zygote
49
Blastocyte
fluid filled morula that has reached the uterus has two layers 1. inner cell mass 2. trophoblast (outer layer)
50
Implantation day (5-7)
trophoblast secretes enzymes to digest a hole in the endometrium then the blastula sinks into the endometrium and gets trapped by it menstruation is prevented by the trophoblast secreting hCG to maintain the corpus luteum hCG remains high for 2 months then the placenta takes the corpus lute's place
51
Gastrulation
when the blastula becomes a gastrula in the 2nd week amniotic cavity forms btw inner cell mass and trophoblast inner cell mass flattens not an embryonic disk and develops three layers
52
Embryonic Disks Three Layers
ectoderm- outer layer that formsskin and nerves mesoderm- middle layer that forms muscles, skeleton, reproductive, excretory, circulatory systems endoderm- inner layer that forms digestive and respiratory systems
53
Morphogenesis
developing distinct structures that make up the organism by differentiation
54
Week 3
neural tube develops from the ectoderm which becomes the brain and spinal cord heart forms after
55
Week 4
rapid development of circulatory systems, lungs, kidneys, head, facial features, bud of limbs
56
Week 5
head grows, eyes open, brain starts to develop
57
Week 6
more brain development, limbs grow, gonads produce hormones to make external genitals
58
Week 7 and 8
organs form, nervous system is activated, cartilage skeleton develops, eyes close, nose plugs, no external genitals yet
59
Extraembryonic structures
form around embryo weeks 3-8 yolk sac amnion allantois chorion
60
yolk sac
produces first blood cells, eggs or sperm, involved in forming digestive tract
61
amnion
embryonic disk produces fluid to cushion embryo, maintain temp, provide space for embryo to move/grow, lines amniotic cavity
62
allantois
forms umbilical corn
63
Chorion
outer membrane, grows chorionic villi, forms fetal part of the placenta
64
Placenta
attacks fetus to uterine wall to allow metabolic exchange with mother like with hormones and stores nutrients during early pregnancy secretes estrogen progesterone hCG allows mothers antibodies to enter keeps mother/fetus blood close so diffusion can occur
65
Umbilical cord
2 arteries carry away deoxygenated blood from fetus | 1 vein carries oxygenated blood towards the fetus
66
First Trimester
first 2 months are embryonic period | 3rd month placenta is developed, external sex organs visible, cartilage skeleton hardens, growth in length
67
Second Trimester
4th month- heart beat detectable, bones forming, nervous system developed, movement can be felt 5th month- covered in lanugo (fine hair), spinal cord becomes myelinated 6th month- skin is translucent/wrinkly/pink, increased weight gain unlikely to survive if born now
68
Third trimester
extensive weight gain, brain developing at a rapid pace, fat under skin, digestive/respiratory systems mature proper nutrition is important for placenta/development
69
Teratogens
substances that cause defects/ delays during development smoke-constricts blood vessels reduces oxygen to fetus alcohol-affects nervous system drugs-prescription/over the counter cause deformities excess nutrients- fetus becomes accustomed to high levels than has a deficiency after birth radiation and pollution
70
parturition
delivery of baby by uterine contractions (full term is 36-40 weeks) hormones are secreted relaxin-loosens pelvic muscles progesterone decreases- uterine contractions aren't inhibited oxytocin- stimulates uterus contractions, breast milk, and prostaglandins for more contractions
71
3 Stages pf Partruition
dilation- cervix dilates, amniotic sac ruptures, contractions become stronger and frequent expulsion- frequent strong contractions push the baby through the cervix placenta- placenta/umbilical cord released after baby is born
72
Lactation
formation and secretion of breast milk by hormones prolactin- inhibited by estrogen and progesterone is now secreted by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate secretion of colostrum oxytocin- causes contraction of lobules to move milk from alveoli sac to the nipples through ducts
73
Causes of Sterility/infertility in men
obstruction if ductus deference or epididymis lows perm count or nonviable sperm impotence (no erection)
74
Causes of Sterility/infertility in women
obstruction in oviduct can't ovulate endometriosis damaged eggs
75
Enhancing reproduction
super ovulation-hormone injection yo trigger ovulation artificial insemination-collected sperm is deposited in the female in vitro fertilization-eggs/sperm are combined outside of the body snd implanted back into the ovary gamete intrafallopion transfer surrogate mother

Biology 30-1 (9 decks)

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