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Biology 30-1 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gonads

A

produce gametes and sex hormones that control development and function of the reproductive system

ovaries and testes

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2
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

structures that have a direct role in reproduction

gonads penis vagina uterus

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3
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

distinct features of the male/females that don’t have a distinct role in reproduction

deep voice beats wide hips

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4
Q

Parts of the testes

A 
seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells
interstitial cells
epididymus
ductus deference
ejaculatory duct
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5
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

produce sperm through spermatogenesis

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6
Q

Sertoli cells

A

nourish and support developing sperm, protect sperm from white blood vessels, release inhibin to prevent sperm production during childhood

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7
Q

interstitial cells

A

produce and secretes testosterone

regulated by the luteinizing hormone LH from anterior pituitary

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8
Q

epididymus

A

connects testes to the ductus deference

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9
Q

ductus deference

A

stores and transports sperm to the ejeculatory duct

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10
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

delivers sperm from ductus deference to the penis

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11
Q

Penis

A

transfers sperm to female reproductive parts

tip is called the glans penis and is protected by foreskin

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12
Q

Seminal fluid

A

fluid from different glands thats mixed with sperm

contains:
fructose fluid for sperm energy from the seminal vesicles
prostaglandin hormone
mucous
fluid that neutralizes acid in urine in the urethra from prostate and cowpers glands
sperm

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13
Q

Prostaglandin Hormone

A

stimulates the urethra vagina and uterus to contract

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14
Q

Prostate / cowpers glands

A

creates fluid that neutralizes acid in urine in the urethra

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15
Q

Parts of sperm

A

head-contains 23 chromosomes and covered in a acrosome cap with enzymes for penetrating the egg

middle piece- contains mitochondria for to make energy for the tail
flagellum (tail)-used for swimming

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16
Q

Ovaries function

A

produce ova through oogenesis and alternate activity btw each other

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17
Q

Follicles

A

a cell in the ovaries where ova develop, follicle matures and ruptures to release ova into the oviduct with fimbriae

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18
Q

Oviduct function

A

tubes that carry the ovum to the uterus using cilia during halfway through the menstrual cycle

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19
Q

Endometrium

A

inner lining of the uterus, fed by blood vessels to provide nutrients to the fetus

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20
Q

Egg Fertilization process

A

ovum survives 24hours in the oviduct
fertilized egg travels down oviduct for 3-5 days
endometrium thickens
egg will implant in endometrium if fertilized
menstruation occurs if not

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21
Q

STI

A

infection transmitted through bodily fluid

three types: viral, bacterial, parasitic

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22
Q

HIV

A

virus-no cure

attacks helper T cells of immune system which ncrease the chances of other infection

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23
Q

AIDS

A

final stage of HIV where immune system is beyond repair

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24
Q

Hep A

A

viral infection from contaminated water and oral/anal contact
vaccine

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25
Q

Hep B

A

flu like virus affecting the liver

transmits through placenta and person can be a carrier

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26
Q

Hep C

A

viral infection from blood to blood contact

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27
Q

Genital Herpes

A

viral infection causing itching, blistering, and flu like symptoms
outbreaks can reappear so medication is used to control it
increased risk of HIV

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28
Q

HPV

A

genital warts caused by skin to skin contact
can be an unknown carrier and is linked to cancer
vaccine

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29
Q

Chlamydia

A

bacterial infection affecting more women then men, causes fever, during during urination, and discharge

leads to PID in women which causes infertility, increased risotto HIV, and transmission during childbirth
antibiotics

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30
Q

Gonorrhea

A

bacterial infection affecting more men then women, affects the urethra rectum cervix and throat

symptoms are painful urnation, discharge, develops into PID and infects newborns

antibiotics

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31
Q

Syphilis

A

bacterial infection with three stages

chancres
rash
cardiovascular/nervous system infection

infects embryos

antibiotics

32
Q

Male Reproductive hormones

A

Testis determining factor
GnRH
FSH
LH

33
Q

Testis determining factor

A

gene in Y chromosomes that signals production of male sex hormones and begins development of male sex structures in the fetus

34
Q

GnRH

A

begins puberty and stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and LH

35
Q

FSH

A

causes production of sperm in seminiferous tubules and release of inhibin
control: neg feedback, inhibin acts on anterior pituitary gland to inhibit production of FSH which keeps sperm levels constant

36
Q

LH

A

causes production and release of testosterone from interstitial cells

control: neg feedback, testosterone inhibits release of LH from anterior pituitary

37
Q

Andropause

A

declining testosterone levels w aging causing loss of muscle sperm and depression

38
Q

Reproductive hormones in females

A

hypothalamus triggers GnRH to begin puberty and trigger anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH to emulate estrogen progesterone secondary sex characteristics and reproductive cycle

39
Q

ovarian cycle

A

follicle matures nd releases an ovum each cycle
two stages:
1 follicle stage
2. luteal stage

40
Q

Follicle Stage of Ovarian Cycle

A

an increase in FSH causes the follicle to mature which releases estrogen and progesterone

estrogen inhibits FSH which triggers release of GnRH to stimulate LH and cause ovulation

41
Q

Ovulation

A

follicle ruptures releasing an ovum into the oviduct, occurs halfway through cycle

if implantation occurs hCG maintains high estrogen and progesterone in blood to stop the ovarian cycle and maintain the endometrium

42
Q

Luteal Stage of Ovarian Cycle

A

ruptured follicle develops into corpus lute by LH, the corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone to inhibit FSH and LH production

the corpus luteum degenerates which decreases estrogen and progesterone causing the cycle to begin again

43
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

tissue and blood vessels of endometrium develop to support life unless fertilization doesn’t occur which will cause menses

cycle begins on first day of mentruation

44
Q

Stages of Embryonic development

A

embryonic period - 8 weeks

fetal period - 9th week to 9th month

45
Q

Zoa Pellucida

A

clear layer of protein/ carbohydrates surrounding the plasma membrane

46
Q

Corona Radiata

A

follicle cells surrounding the zone pellucid that provide nourishment to the egg

47
Q

Cleavage

A

cell division and th zygote begins to divide into 16cells

48
Q

Morula

A

a 16 cell zygote

49
Q

Blastocyte

A

fluid filled morula that has reached the uterus

has two layers

  1. inner cell mass
  2. trophoblast (outer layer)
50
Q

Implantation day (5-7)

A

trophoblast secretes enzymes to digest a hole in the endometrium then the blastula sinks into the endometrium and gets trapped by it

menstruation is prevented by the trophoblast secreting hCG to maintain the corpus luteum

hCG remains high for 2 months then the placenta takes the corpus lute’s place

51
Q

Gastrulation

A

when the blastula becomes a gastrula in the 2nd week
amniotic cavity forms btw inner cell mass and trophoblast
inner cell mass flattens not an embryonic disk and develops three layers

52
Q

Embryonic Disks Three Layers

A

ectoderm- outer layer that formsskin and nerves

mesoderm- middle layer that forms muscles, skeleton, reproductive, excretory, circulatory systems

endoderm- inner layer that forms digestive and respiratory systems

53
Q

Morphogenesis

A

developing distinct structures that make up the organism by differentiation

54
Q

Week 3

A

neural tube develops from the ectoderm which becomes the brain and spinal cord

heart forms after

55
Q

Week 4

A

rapid development of circulatory systems, lungs, kidneys, head, facial features, bud of limbs

56
Q

Week 5

A

head grows, eyes open, brain starts to develop

57
Q

Week 6

A

more brain development, limbs grow, gonads produce hormones to make external genitals

58
Q

Week 7 and 8

A

organs form, nervous system is activated, cartilage skeleton develops, eyes close, nose plugs, no external genitals yet

59
Q

Extraembryonic structures

A

form around embryo weeks 3-8

yolk sac
amnion
allantois
chorion

60
Q

yolk sac

A

produces first blood cells, eggs or sperm, involved in forming digestive tract

61
Q

amnion

A

embryonic disk

produces fluid to cushion embryo, maintain temp, provide space for embryo to move/grow, lines amniotic cavity

62
Q

allantois

A

forms umbilical corn

63
Q

Chorion

A

outer membrane, grows chorionic villi, forms fetal part of the placenta

64
Q

Placenta

A

attacks fetus to uterine wall to allow metabolic exchange with mother like with hormones and stores nutrients during early pregnancy

secretes estrogen progesterone hCG
allows mothers antibodies to enter
keeps mother/fetus blood close so diffusion can occur

65
Q

Umbilical cord

A

2 arteries carry away deoxygenated blood from fetus

1 vein carries oxygenated blood towards the fetus

66
Q

First Trimester

A

first 2 months are embryonic period

3rd month placenta is developed, external sex organs visible, cartilage skeleton hardens, growth in length

67
Q

Second Trimester

A

4th month- heart beat detectable, bones forming, nervous system developed, movement can be felt

5th month- covered in lanugo (fine hair), spinal cord becomes myelinated

6th month- skin is translucent/wrinkly/pink, increased weight gain

unlikely to survive if born now

68
Q

Third trimester

A

extensive weight gain, brain developing at a rapid pace, fat under skin, digestive/respiratory systems mature

proper nutrition is important for placenta/development

69
Q

Teratogens

A

substances that cause defects/ delays during development

smoke-constricts blood vessels reduces oxygen to fetus
alcohol-affects nervous system
drugs-prescription/over the counter cause deformities
excess nutrients- fetus becomes accustomed to high levels than has a deficiency after birth
radiation and pollution

70
Q

parturition

A

delivery of baby by uterine contractions (full term is 36-40 weeks)
hormones are secreted
relaxin-loosens pelvic muscles
progesterone decreases- uterine contractions aren’t inhibited
oxytocin- stimulates uterus contractions, breast milk, and prostaglandins for more contractions

71
Q

3 Stages pf Partruition

A

dilation- cervix dilates, amniotic sac ruptures, contractions become stronger and frequent

expulsion- frequent strong contractions push the baby through the cervix

placenta- placenta/umbilical cord released after baby is born

72
Q

Lactation

A

formation and secretion of breast milk by hormones

prolactin- inhibited by estrogen and progesterone is now secreted by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate secretion of colostrum

oxytocin- causes contraction of lobules to move milk from alveoli sac to the nipples through ducts

73
Q

Causes of Sterility/infertility in men

A

obstruction if ductus deference or epididymis
lows perm count or nonviable sperm
impotence (no erection)

74
Q

Causes of Sterility/infertility in women

A

obstruction in oviduct
can’t ovulate
endometriosis
damaged eggs

75
Q

Enhancing reproduction

A

super ovulation-hormone injection yo trigger ovulation
artificial insemination-collected sperm is deposited in the female
in vitro fertilization-eggs/sperm are combined outside of the body snd implanted back into the ovary
gamete intrafallopion transfer
surrogate mother

Biology 30-1 (9 decks)

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