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Clinical Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Research that examines what happens within and across psychotherapy sessions is known as:
-process research.
- effectiveness research.
- outcome research.
-efficacy research.

A

process research

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2
Q

Research that examines the elements of psychotherapy (such as the alliance between therapist and patient) and how these elements are related to the impact of treatment is referred to as

-process research
-process-outcome research
-efficacy research
-effectiveness recearch

A

process-outcome research.

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3
Q

___________ research addresses the question of which intervention is more efficacious, whereas ___________ research ask about how an intervention works.
- Process; process-outcome
- Process-outcome; process
- Treatment-outcome; process and process-outcome
- Process and process-outcome; treatment-outcome

A

Treatment-outcome; process and process-outcome

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4
Q

Starting in the 1950s and 1960s, the development of process-outcome research was influenced by the use of ____________________ as sources of data.

  • recordings of psychotherapy sessions and standardized measures for clients’ and
    therapists’ experience of the treatment process
  • responses to projective measures following treatment
  • standardized measures of experience of the treatment process reported by therapists and
    clients
  • recordings of psychotherapy sessions and interviews with family members to assess
    changes in the client
A

recordings of psychotherapy sessions and standardized measures for clients’ and therapists’ experience of the treatment process

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5
Q

Tang and colleagues demonstrated that if a patient makes sudden gains in therapy, it typically occurs . . .

-after the first session.
- relatively early in therapy (around sessions 4 through 6).
- around the mid-point of therapy (sessions 8 through 12).
- near the end of therapy.

A

relatively early in therapy (around sessions 4 through 6).

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6
Q

Tang and colleagues found that sudden gains in therapy . . .
- evidence of a flight into health.
-short-lived and dissipate quickly.
- involve a significant reduction in symptoms.
- only evident in CBT.

A

involve a significant reduction in symptoms.

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7
Q

Early treatment gains for individuals in treatment for major depressive disorders have been shown in individuals receiving:

  • cognitive therapy.
  • placebo medication.
  • short-term psychodynamic therapy.
  • all of the above.
A
  • cognitive therapy
  • placebo medication
  • short-term psychodynamic therapy
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8
Q

One of the difficulties in identifying how client variables influence treatment outcome is that . . .

-most psychologists believe diagnosis determines treatment outcomes.
- very few empirical studies have examined this issue.
- psychologists are much more interested in comparing groups rather than in comparing
individuals.
- it is difficult to detect patterns across studies that use different types of measures.

A

it is difficult to detect patterns across studies that use different types of measures.

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9
Q

With a large body of research, we now have a _______________ understanding of how client variables affect treatment outcome.

-rudimentary
- moderate
- good
- highly developed

A

rudimentary

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10
Q

Socioeconomic status of the client variable can influence treatment outcome because ____________socioeconomic status is related to a greater likelihood of _______________.

-higher; staying in treatment
- higher; not staying in treatment
-lower; engaging with the therapist
- lower; staying in treatmen

A

higher; staying in treatment

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11
Q

Which client variable has been found to influence treatment outcome?

  • Extraversion.
  • Introversion.
  • Age.
  • Socioeconomic status.
A

socioeconomic status

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12
Q

Which therapist variable influences treatment
outcome?

  • Gender.
  • Age.
  • Ethnicity.
  • Emotional well-being.
A

emotional well-being

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13
Q

To be effective in delivering psychological services, the psychologist must have

  • a large number of clients, interpersonal sensitivity, and tolerance for distress.
  • knowledge, technical skills, interpersonal sensitivity, and tolerance for distress.
  • knowledge, ability to put others first at all costs, technical skills, and tolerance for distress.
  • a large number of clients, ability to put other first at all costs, interpersonal sensitivity,
    tolerance for distress.
A
  • knowledge
  • technical skills
  • interpersonal sensitivity
  • tolerance for distress
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14
Q

Research conducted by Lafferty, Beutler, and Crago (1989) found that patients under the care of effective therapists

-experienced substantially more positive emotional adjustment.
- reported feeling more understood in treatment.
- experienced greater success with therapists who did not self-disclose.
- reported greater success with therapists from some mental health disciplines than from
others.

A

reported feeling more understood in treatment

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15
Q

Research indicates that differences in therapist effectiveness are most apparent when treating patients . . .

  • without comorbid disorders.
  • with low levels of problem severity.
  • with high levels of problem severity.
  • who are of a different ethnicity than the therapist
A

with high levels of problem severity.

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16
Q

A therapist’s interpretations are most successful with clients who have . . .

  • good interpersonal skills.
  • poor interpersonal skills.
  • good self-examination skills.
  • poor self-examination skills.
A

good interpersonal skills.

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17
Q

Psychological ___________ is the tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.

  • recoiling
  • reconsideration
  • oppositional defiance
  • reactance
A

reactance

18
Q

Psychological reactance is the tendency to react . . .

  • against attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.
  • favourably toward attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.
  • to emotional stimuli in the environment.
  • to emotional stimuli in therapy.
A

against attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.

19
Q

In terms of psychological reactance, low-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment, and high-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment.

  • more; less
  • less; more
  • less; less
    -more; more
A

more; less

20
Q

Focusing on enhancing patient self-awareness and understanding of their problems works best for patients who ________, whereas patients who ________ respond best to a focus on symptom alleviation.

  • are undercontrolled; are introspective
  • have an internalizing style; have an externalizing style
  • are extroverted; are introverted
  • have an externalizing style ; have an internalizing style
A

have an internalizing style; have an externalizing style

21
Q

Research suggests that patient compliance in completing homework acts as a moderator of the relation between positive treatment expectations and

  • therapist characteristics, such as empathy.
  • relapse prevention following termination of therapy.
  • initial improvement in functioning.
  • increased therapeutic alliance.
A

initial improvement in functioning.

22
Q

Who is credited as being the first person to identify a common set of therapeutic factors that inform the effectiveness of all approaches to psychotherapy?

  • Saul Rosenzweig.
  • Lester Luborsky.
  • John Norcross.
  • Jerome Frank.
A

Saul Rosenzweig

23
Q

What was Rosenzweig’s (1936) assertion regarding the various types of therapies that were available to clinicians at the time?

  • Some therapies are very effective and others are not effective.
  • Most therapies are not effective.
  • Little is known about the effectiveness of therapy.
  • All therapies are equivalent in treatment outcome.
A

All therapies are equivalent in treatment outcome.

24
Q

Weinberger’s (1995) review of the literature on common factors found that:

  • there was little agreement on what the common factors actually are.
  • all therapeutic success could be explained by these factors.
  • most proponents of the common factors theory had been misinformed.
  • there was very good agreement on particular common factors.
A

there was little agreement on what the common factors actually are.

25
Q

Lambert and Ogles (2004) categorized the most commonly suggested common factors in psychotherapy into the following main dimensions:

  • psychoeducational, emotional, and cognitive factors.
  • vulnerability, protective, and educational factors.
  • support, learning, and action factors.
  • internalized, externalized, and alliance factors.
A

support, learning, and action factors.

26
Q

The development of integrative treatment models for psychotherapy has been greatly influenced by . . .

  • process-outcome research.
  • the common factors approach.
  • interpersonal psychotherapy.
  • cognitive-behavioural therapy
A

the common factors approach.

27
Q

Which therapeutic element would be considered a common factor to several psychotherapeutic approaches?

  • Therapist disclosure.
  • Therapeutic alliance.
  • Corrective emotional experience.
  • Homework.
A

therapeutic alliance

28
Q

Which of the hypothesized common factors in psychotherapy has received the most research attention?

  • Empathy.
  • Sense of mastery in the client.
  • Therapeutic alliance.
  • Confronting problems in therapy.
A

therapeutic alliance

29
Q

One of the problems in interpreting the research on the alliance-outcome link is the importance of not inferring . . .

  • correlation from causation.
  • significance from correlation.
  • significance from causation.
  • causation from correlation.
A

causation from correlation.

30
Q

Studies that are controlled for the effects of early improvement have found that early therapeutic alliance

  • no longer significantly predicts treatment outcome.
  • still significantly predicts treatment outcome.
  • only predicts treatment outcome for low reactant clients.
  • only predicts treatment outcome for high reactant clients.
A

still significantly predicts treatment outcome.

31
Q

Rosenzweig’s (1936) hypothesis that all psychotherapies must be equivalent in their effects is referred to as the . . .

  • Tropical bird effect.
  • Dodo bird verdict.
  • Chameleon result.
  • Common factors approach.
A

dodo bird verdict

32
Q

Luborsky and colleagues’ reviews of psychotherapy effectiveness have concluded that:

  • the nature of specific therapeutic effects is clear.
  • all therapies are equal.
  • all therapies are not equal.
  • many current therapeutic techniques can be harmful to clients.
A

all therapies are equal

33
Q

A design in which the differential impacts of at least two treatments are compared, and a no-treatment control group may or may not be included is known
as a(n) . . .

  • higher-order treatment outcome study.
    -comparative treatment study.
  • mixed design.
  • effectiveness trial.
A

comparative treatment study

34
Q

Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) conducted a meta-analysis of treatment outcome studies and found that ________________treatments had the largest effect sizes.

  • cognitive-behavioural
  • psychodynamic
  • humanistic
  • vocational counseling
A

cognitive-behavioural

35
Q

Smith et al. (1980) conducted analyses on data from 56 comparative outcome studies of the behavioural and verbal classes of treatment and found that:

  • there were significant differences between the two classes of therapy.
  • verbal classes of treatment were more effective.
  • behavioural and verbal classes of treatment were equally effective.
  • neither class of treatment was effective.
A

there were significant differences between the two classes of therapy.

36
Q

Meta-analyses of the child and adolescent treatment literature have found:

  • no differences between treatments.
  • cognitive-behavioural treatments to be more efficacious than other treatments.
  • psychodynamic treatments to be more effective than other treatments.
  • humanistic (play therapy) treatments to be more effective than other treatments.
A

cognitive-behavioural treatments to be more efficacious than other treatments.

37
Q

Bruce Wampold has been a vocal proponent . .

  • of the psychotherapy equivalence position.
  • against the psychotherapy equivalence position.
  • against psychotherapy.
  • both B and C..
A

of the psychotherapy equivalence position.

38
Q

The average effect size difference between therapies shown to be effective is approximately

  • d=0.
  • d=.2.
  • d=.4.
  • d=.6
A

d = 0.2

39
Q

Aspects of the therapeutic relationship associated with successful treatment are known as:

  • common factors of psychotherapy.
  • integrated treatment.
  • evidence-based psychotherapy relationships.
  • therapeutic alliance.
A

evidence-based psychotherapy relationships.

40
Q

Who developed an initiative to identify empirically based principles of therapeutic change?
- Castonguay and Beutler
- Orlinksy and Luborsky
- Orlinsky and Castonguay
- Luborsky and Wampold

A

Castonguay and Beutler

41
Q

Among the empirically based principles of therapeutic change, greater pre-treatment impairment is a(n) . . .
- client variable hypothesized to reduce likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
- client variable hypothesized to increase likelihood of benefitting from therapy.
- intervention target hypothesized to lead to therapeutic change.
- client variable that does not systematically impact degree of change.

A

client variable hypothesized to reduce likelihood of benefitting from therapy.

42
Q

Group cohesion refers to:

  • the relationship between the clients and the therapist.
  • the relationship among the clients in the group.
  • the extent of personality integration.
  • both A & B
A

both the relationship between the clients and the therapist and the relationship among the clients in the group

Clinical Psychology (9 decks)

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