Chapter 14 Flashcards
Research that examines what happens within and across psychotherapy sessions is known as:
-process research.
- effectiveness research.
- outcome research.
-efficacy research.
process research
Research that examines the elements of psychotherapy (such as the alliance between therapist and patient) and how these elements are related to the impact of treatment is referred to as
-process research
-process-outcome research
-efficacy research
-effectiveness recearch
process-outcome research.
___________ research addresses the question of which intervention is more efficacious, whereas ___________ research ask about how an intervention works.
- Process; process-outcome
- Process-outcome; process
- Treatment-outcome; process and process-outcome
- Process and process-outcome; treatment-outcome
Treatment-outcome; process and process-outcome
Starting in the 1950s and 1960s, the development of process-outcome research was influenced by the use of ____________________ as sources of data.
- recordings of psychotherapy sessions and standardized measures for clients’ and
therapists’ experience of the treatment process - responses to projective measures following treatment
- standardized measures of experience of the treatment process reported by therapists and
clients - recordings of psychotherapy sessions and interviews with family members to assess
changes in the client
recordings of psychotherapy sessions and standardized measures for clients’ and therapists’ experience of the treatment process
Tang and colleagues demonstrated that if a patient makes sudden gains in therapy, it typically occurs . . .
-after the first session.
- relatively early in therapy (around sessions 4 through 6).
- around the mid-point of therapy (sessions 8 through 12).
- near the end of therapy.
relatively early in therapy (around sessions 4 through 6).
Tang and colleagues found that sudden gains in therapy . . .
- evidence of a flight into health.
-short-lived and dissipate quickly.
- involve a significant reduction in symptoms.
- only evident in CBT.
involve a significant reduction in symptoms.
Early treatment gains for individuals in treatment for major depressive disorders have been shown in individuals receiving:
- cognitive therapy.
- placebo medication.
- short-term psychodynamic therapy.
- all of the above.
- cognitive therapy
- placebo medication
- short-term psychodynamic therapy
One of the difficulties in identifying how client variables influence treatment outcome is that . . .
-most psychologists believe diagnosis determines treatment outcomes.
- very few empirical studies have examined this issue.
- psychologists are much more interested in comparing groups rather than in comparing
individuals.
- it is difficult to detect patterns across studies that use different types of measures.
it is difficult to detect patterns across studies that use different types of measures.
With a large body of research, we now have a _______________ understanding of how client variables affect treatment outcome.
-rudimentary
- moderate
- good
- highly developed
rudimentary
Socioeconomic status of the client variable can influence treatment outcome because ____________socioeconomic status is related to a greater likelihood of _______________.
-higher; staying in treatment
- higher; not staying in treatment
-lower; engaging with the therapist
- lower; staying in treatmen
higher; staying in treatment
Which client variable has been found to influence treatment outcome?
- Extraversion.
- Introversion.
- Age.
- Socioeconomic status.
socioeconomic status
Which therapist variable influences treatment
outcome?
- Gender.
- Age.
- Ethnicity.
- Emotional well-being.
emotional well-being
To be effective in delivering psychological services, the psychologist must have
- a large number of clients, interpersonal sensitivity, and tolerance for distress.
- knowledge, technical skills, interpersonal sensitivity, and tolerance for distress.
- knowledge, ability to put others first at all costs, technical skills, and tolerance for distress.
- a large number of clients, ability to put other first at all costs, interpersonal sensitivity,
tolerance for distress.
- knowledge
- technical skills
- interpersonal sensitivity
- tolerance for distress
Research conducted by Lafferty, Beutler, and Crago (1989) found that patients under the care of effective therapists
-experienced substantially more positive emotional adjustment.
- reported feeling more understood in treatment.
- experienced greater success with therapists who did not self-disclose.
- reported greater success with therapists from some mental health disciplines than from
others.
reported feeling more understood in treatment
Research indicates that differences in therapist effectiveness are most apparent when treating patients . . .
- without comorbid disorders.
- with low levels of problem severity.
- with high levels of problem severity.
- who are of a different ethnicity than the therapist
with high levels of problem severity.
A therapist’s interpretations are most successful with clients who have . . .
- good interpersonal skills.
- poor interpersonal skills.
- good self-examination skills.
- poor self-examination skills.
good interpersonal skills.
Psychological ___________ is the tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.
- recoiling
- reconsideration
- oppositional defiance
- reactance
reactance
Psychological reactance is the tendency to react . . .
- against attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.
- favourably toward attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.
- to emotional stimuli in the environment.
- to emotional stimuli in therapy.
against attempts to directly influence one’s behaviour.
In terms of psychological reactance, low-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment, and high-reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in ____ directive treatment.
- more; less
- less; more
- less; less
-more; more
more; less
Focusing on enhancing patient self-awareness and understanding of their problems works best for patients who ________, whereas patients who ________ respond best to a focus on symptom alleviation.
- are undercontrolled; are introspective
- have an internalizing style; have an externalizing style
- are extroverted; are introverted
- have an externalizing style ; have an internalizing style
have an internalizing style; have an externalizing style
Research suggests that patient compliance in completing homework acts as a moderator of the relation between positive treatment expectations and
- therapist characteristics, such as empathy.
- relapse prevention following termination of therapy.
- initial improvement in functioning.
- increased therapeutic alliance.
initial improvement in functioning.
Who is credited as being the first person to identify a common set of therapeutic factors that inform the effectiveness of all approaches to psychotherapy?
- Saul Rosenzweig.
- Lester Luborsky.
- John Norcross.
- Jerome Frank.
Saul Rosenzweig
What was Rosenzweig’s (1936) assertion regarding the various types of therapies that were available to clinicians at the time?
- Some therapies are very effective and others are not effective.
- Most therapies are not effective.
- Little is known about the effectiveness of therapy.
- All therapies are equivalent in treatment outcome.
All therapies are equivalent in treatment outcome.
Weinberger’s (1995) review of the literature on common factors found that:
- there was little agreement on what the common factors actually are.
- all therapeutic success could be explained by these factors.
- most proponents of the common factors theory had been misinformed.
- there was very good agreement on particular common factors.
there was little agreement on what the common factors actually are.
