Chapter 12

Question 1

In a randomized controlled trial . . .

Answer 1

participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more treatment conditions.

Question 2

In 1952, Hans Eysenck published a review from which he concluded that rates of improvement among clients receiving psychodynamic or eclectic psychotherapy were . . .

Answer 2

comparable to rates of remission of symptoms among untreated clients.

Question 3

Prior to Hans Eysenck’s controversial 1952 article challenging the efficacy of psychotherapy, . . .

Answer 3

proponents of various forms of psychotherapy based their claims on clinical experience and expert consensus.

Question 4

The huge growth in empirical attention toward the effects of psychotherapy has been attributed to:

Answer 4

Hans Eysenck

Question 5

What made it difficult to compare research conducted by behavioural therapists and traditional therapists in the mid-1900s?

Answer 5

• Each research group used different criteria for including studies in their review.
• Different criteria were used to evaluate whether therapy worked.
• Interpretation of results was influenced by each group’s biases

Question 6

Mary Smith and Gene Glass are the authors of the first:

Answer 6

meta-analysis of the adult psychotherapy literature.

Question 7

Meta analysis is a method for . . .

Answer 7

quantitatively reviewing research studies.

Question 8

In order to integrate the results from multiple studies meta-analyses involve the calculation of:

Answer 8

effect sizes.

Question 9

An effect size of d = .66 means that:

Answer 9

there is a difference of two-thirds of a standard deviation between groups.

Question 10

Smith and Glass’s (1977) initial meta-analysis of the effect of psychotherapy suggested that:

Answer 10

psychotherapy can have a substantially positive impact.

Question 11

Three years after their initial publication, Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) published a more extensive and sophisticated meta-analysis on the effect of psychotherapy. Results were:

Answer 11

even more positive than the original meta-analysis.

Question 12

Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) compared the efficacy of various types of treatment and found that the treatments with the largest to smallest effect sizes were, respectively:

Answer 12

Cognitive-Behavioural, behavioural, psychodynamic, humanistic

Question 13

Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980) compared the effects of psychotherapy across different disorders and found that the largest effect sizes were found in the treatment of . . .

Answer 13

mood and anxiety problems.

Question 14

Unpublished research is also known “grey literature” research, and can include . . .

Answer 14

unpublished studies provided by researchers

Question 15

Clinical practice guidelines

Answer 15

provide recommendations based on best available evidence.

Question 16

The first initiative to introduce clinical practice guidelines to the field of clinical psychology occurred in the early

Answer 16

1990s.

Question 17

Motivation to develop clinical practice guidelines in clinical psychology came from

Answer 17

increasing demands for health care practices to be demonstrably effective and cost-effective.

Question 18

The APA Society of Clinical Psychology 1995 task force required which of the following conditions be met for a treatment to be designated as an empirically supported treatment?

Answer 18

• Evidence of symptom reduction.
• Improved functioning among participants.
• Data were derived from at least two independently conducted RCTs or from a large series of single-case studies.

Question 19

Evidence-based treatments vary in the extent and nature of their supporting data—so a treatment could have a modest evidence base but, because no independent RCTs have been conducted on the treatment, it would not meet the original criteria to be an EST. Therefore, the term evidence-based is ________________ the term EST.

Answer 19

broader and more inclusive than

Question 20

A treatment study in which no control group is used and, typically, few participant exclusion criteria are applied is known as a(n) . . .

Answer 20

open trial.

Question 21

There are evidence-based psychological treatment for

Answer 21

the most commonly diagnosed mental disorders.

Question 22

The Canadian Psychological Association task force on evidence-based psychological services recommended that psychologists give the strongest weight to:

Answer 22

syntheses of studies that balance internal and external validity.

Question 23

The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) stepped care model for the management of depression includes the following possible treatments except:

Answer 23

transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 24

In cognitive-behavioural treatment of depression, behavioural activation tasks could include

Answer 24

making a special meal.

Question 25

Behavioural activation generally begins with

Answer 25

scheduling pleasurable activities.

Question 26

Initial sessions of CBT tend to focus primarily on

Answer 26

behavioural activation tasks.

Question 27

CBT for depression generally starts with

Answer 27

self-monitoring of the link between activities and mood.

Question 28

Thought monitoring requires recording the types of thoughts that typically occur around

Answer 28

upsetting situations.

Question 29

In the final stage of CBT the psychologist focuses on:

Answer 29

relapse prevention.

Question 30

The cognitive-behavioural approach to treating posttraumatic stress disorder includes __________, which is not included in CBT treatment for depression.

Answer 30

prolonged exposure

Question 31

Which of the following are the three main treatment components of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder?

Answer 31

Relaxation skills, imaginal exposure, in vivo exposure

Question 32

Which component of CBT for posttraumatic stress disorder involves having the client recount his/her traumatic experiences for an extended period in order to encourage the client to fully emotionally process the trauma?

Answer 32

Imaginal exposure

Question 33

The component of CBT for PTSD in which a psychologist develops a hierarchy of feared stimuli with the patient and encourages the patient to intentionally expose himself or herself to increasingly fearful stimuli is known as

Answer 33

in vivo exposure.

Question 34

Emotionally focused therapy is an intervention method used primarily for

Answer 34

couples experiencing relationship problems.

Question 35

Emotionally focused couples therapy is a

Answer 35

process-experiential treatment.

Question 36

Emotionally focused couples therapy is designed to

Answer 36

all of the above.

Question 37

One of the key issues addressed through the early steps of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy is

Answer 37

attachment difficulties.

Question 38

Efficacious treatments are treatments that have been demonstrated within

Answer 38

a controlled research study.

Question 39

Effectiveness trials indicate that efficacious treatments

Answer 39

can be transported to routine clinical practice, with little loss of treatment impact.

Question 40

Effective treatments are treatments that have been demonstrated within

Answer 40

a real-world clinical setting.

Question 41

Benchmarking can be used to

Answer 41

compare the results of controlled research studies with clinical practice research results.

Question 42

The rapid introduction of new evidence-based psychological treatments is hindered by

Answer 42

• the inability to patent psychological treatments
• training requirements for psychological treatments
• ethical codes and professional guidelines usually prohibiting advertising psychological treatments to the public

Question 43

A 2006 survey of accredited doctoral training programs found that _____ Ph.D. programs and _____ of Psy.D. programs did not require any training in evidence-based treatments.

Answer 43

almost half; two-thirds