1. Bad sanitation 2. Bad street lighting 3. No policing 4. Impure water 5. sewage and rats 6. bad garbage disposal

1. from name Bridget 2. female irish immigrants 3. mainly domestic servants

1. from name Patrick 2. Male irish immigrants 3. mainly canal diggers and RR/road builders

Chapter 14 Flashcards by Sarah G

Center of Pop. (1840)?

Passed the appalachian mtns

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Center of Pop. (1860)?

Passed the Ohio River

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Pop. of US 1790?

3.9 million

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Pop. of US 1860?

31.4 Million

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number of cities w/ more than 20,000 people (1860)`?

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Urban Probs

Bad sanitation 2. Bad street lighting 3. No policing 4. Impure water 5. sewage and rats 6. bad garbage disposal

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decade of first water and sewage systems?

1820s

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Event leading to irish immigration?d

potato famine

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main US cities of irish immigration?

NYC and Philly

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“biddies”?

from name Bridget 2. female irish immigrants 3. mainly domestic servants

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“paddies”?

from name Patrick 2. Male irish immigrants 3. mainly canal diggers and RR/road builders

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NINA

No irish need apply

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center and extent of Irish political power (NYC)?

Tammany Hall, ‘paddy wagons’ were police carts - irish controlled police force

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main religion of irish?

catholicism

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number of irish (1830-1860)?

4 million

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why immigration from Germany?

A failed democratic revolution –> wanted democracy

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how many germans (1830-1860)?

5 million; generally more affluent than irish

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germans settled where?

Mainly the west

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german innovations?

Kindergarten

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major religion of Germans?

Christianity: Catholic and Lutheran

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“nativism”?

Anti-foreigners; mainly towards Irish

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“parochial schools”?

Catholic schools formed because of the conflict between Catholic and other religions

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order of the star spangled banner?

1849, AKA the know-nothing party or the American Party, where nativists

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largest religious denom (1850)?

Catholic

Beginnings of the Industrial Rev. (US and UK)?

US = 1840s UK = 1750s; started with the steam engine

Why US was slow to mechanize?

1. Jefferson's resistance 2. cheap land -> nobody poor enough to be forced to labor 3. UK imports

What spurred the US mechanization?

1. many inventions (e.g. cotton gin, textile mill, sewing machine, interchangeable parts) 2. Embargo/ Non-intercourse/1812 3. influx of immigrants

Samuel Slater

Brought textile mills to US (1790s)

Eli Whitney

Cotton Gin and Interchangeable parts (1790s)

Effects of Cotton Gin

slavery = increased (made profitable); immigration = more in north; factories = more, to process overflow of cotton

Importance of interchangeable parts?

easier repair, less expensive

Inventors of sewing machines?

Howe and Singer

Telegraph

1840s; Samuel Morse

number patents in 1850s?

28000

First investment capital company (US)?`

Boston Associates: dominated textile, RR, insurance, and banking in MA. Mill town in Lowell, MA.

Incorporation?

individuals cannot be sued, started in 1850s in NY, allowed for easier business starling -> more business.

Factories in 1800s conditions?

long hours, dangerous, unhealthy, small wages.

labor unions + strikes?

initially, workers were just fired; 1842 MA supreme court said: labor unions = legal if nonviolent

Lowell Factory Girls?"

girls worked at Boston Associates' Lowell textile mills, shown off as model factory workers, semi decent conditions.

main occupations of working women?

nurses, teachers, factories

cult of domesticity?

belief that women should stay at home, take care of children, etc. Focus more on the arts

fertility rate in 1850s etc?

decreased, women were spending more time out of the house; families became more child-centered, with fewer children.

international communication 1858?

Cyrus Field's wires from Newfoundland to ireland.

Main grain producers?

Ohio River Valley

Porkopolis?

Cincinnati

steel plow?

John Deere, 1837: now all kinds of soil could be tilled, opened up NW.

first major road?

Lancaster Turnpike; 1790s from Philly to Lancaster

second major road?

nat'l road/cumberland road: finished in 1852

steamboats?

frist by Robert Fulton ("Fulton's Folly") in 1807; now it was possible to go upriver; more than 1000 by 1860 on Mississippi R.

Erie Canal?

From Buffalo NY to the Hudson River and NYC. nicknamed Clinton's Big Ditch, 1852

effects of canals and Steamboats?

increased farming in Old NW; lowered price of goods;

first RR completed?

1828

miles of track 1860?

32000

region with most RR?

New England

what became standardized in RR?

the gauges - distance between RR ties

Pony Express

lasted on 15 years, started in 1860; died out because of the telegraph

Southern Trade 1860?

cotton and wheat to NORTH and UK

Western Trade 1860?

Wheat and Corn to EAST and EUROPE

Eastern Trade 1860

textiles to SOUTH and WEST