- 1893 lead mov’t to get an Illinois anti-sweatshop law passed - that protected women workers and prohibited child labor - “guerrilla warrior in the urban jungle” - socialist - battled for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers - moved to the Henry Street Settlement in New York from the Hull House - served for 30yrs as general secretary of the National Consumers League

- 1879 founded Christian Science - after she had suffered much ill health - Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness - Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875) - her book that set forth her views - sold 400,000 copies before her death - Many Americans converted - hope of relief from discords and diseases - had hundreds of thousands of devoted worshipers (by 1910)

- English Naturalist - On the Origin of Species (1859) - a highly controversial volume by Darwin - Evolution - theory that humans had slowly evolved from lower forms of life - “the survival of the fittest.’’ - cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible

- 1881- Called to head the ‘black normal and industrial school’ - Tuskegee, Alabama - began w/ 40 students - taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security - “accommodationist” - self-help approach to solving the nation’s racial problems - it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy - Washington avoided the issue of social equality - felt economic independence would be key to black political + civil rights

- said Booker T. Washington =“Uncle Tom’’ - condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority - Ph.D. from Harvard - skilled historian, sociologist, and poet - 1910- helped to found the NAACP - demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic - demanded that the “talented tenth’’ of Af A’s be given full + immediate access to the mainstream of American life.

- Progress and Poverty 1879 - tried to solve “the great enigma of our times’’ - “the association of progress with poverty’’ - sold 3 mil copies - felt the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values + showered unearned profits on owners of land - 100% tax on those windfall profits would eliminate unfair inequalities - tax ideas = horrifying to the propertied classes - manuscript was rejected by publishers

- 1866- became a writer - wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction - sold over 100 million copies - books said that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success - “survival of the purest” and “there is always room at the top” - esp. nonsmokers, nondrinkers, non-swearers, and non-liars.

- stressed the imp. of giving women the vote if they continue their traditional roles as homemakers + mothers - women had special responsibility for the health of the family and the education of children - need a voice on boards of public health, police commissions, and school boards

- city whose growth was stimulated by new methods of travel - carved into different districts for business, industry, and residential neighborhoods - which were segregated by race, ethnicity + social class

- social group that has a common national or cultural tradition - another factor in separating ppl

- a neighborhood center in impoverished areas that tended to serve immigrants - ex. Hull House (Chicago) + Henry Street Settlement (NY)

- Anti-foreignism- belief that immigrants are inferior - prominent in 1840s 1850s +1880s

Ch 25 Flashcards by Sarah G

Jane Addams (1860–1935)

Illinois
- had a college education
- 1889 acquired the decaying Hull mansion in Chicago
  - she established Hull House (see below)
- urban American saint in the eyes of many admirers
- courageously condemned war + poverty
  - won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
- Daughters of the American Revolution
  - Hated her antiwar views
    - expelled her from membership in their organization

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Florence Kelley

1893 lead mov’t to get an Illinois anti-sweatshop law passed
- that protected women workers and prohibited child labor
- “guerrilla warrior in the urban jungle”
- socialist
- battled for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers
- moved to the Henry Street Settlement in New York from the Hull House
- served for 30yrs as general secretary of the National Consumers League

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Mary Baker Eddy

1879 founded Christian Science
- after she had suffered much ill health
- Preached that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness
- Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (1875)
  - her book that set forth her views
  - sold 400,000 copies before her death
- Many Americans converted
  - hope of relief from discords and diseases
  - had hundreds of thousands of devoted worshipers (by 1910)

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Charles Darwin

English Naturalist
- On the Origin of Species (1859)
  - a highly controversial volume by Darwin
    - Evolution
      - theory that humans had slowly evolved from lower forms of life
      - “the survival of the fittest.’’
    - cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible

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Booker T Washington

1881- Called to head the ‘black normal and industrial school’
- Tuskegee, Alabama
- began w/ 40 students
- taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security
- “accommodationist”
  - self-help approach to solving the nation’s racial problems
  - it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy
- Washington avoided the issue of social equality
  - felt economic independence would be key to black political + civil rights

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W.E.B. Du Bois

said Booker T. Washington =“Uncle Tom’’
- condemning their race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority
- Ph.D. from Harvard
  - skilled historian, sociologist, and poet
- 1910- helped to found the NAACP
  - demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic
  - demanded that the “talented tenth’’ of Af A’s be given full + immediate access to the mainstream of American life.

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William James (1842–1910)

served for 35yrs on the Harvard faculty
- wrote many influential books
  - Principles of Psychology (1890)
    - established the mdrn discipline of behavioral psychology
  - The Will to Believe (1897)
  - Varieties of Religious Experience (1902)
    - explored religion
  - Pragmatism (1907)
    - most famous work
    - described pragmatism
      - The concept of pragmatism held that truth was to be tested by action rather than theories.

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Henry George

Progress and Poverty 1879
- tried to solve “the great enigma of our times’’
- “the association of progress with poverty’’
- sold 3 mil copies
- felt the pressure of growing population on a fixed supply of land unjustifiably pushed up property values + showered unearned profits on owners of land
  - 100% tax on those windfall profits would eliminate unfair inequalities
    - tax ideas = horrifying to the propertied classes
      - manuscript was rejected by publishers

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Horatio Alger

1866- became a writer
- wrote more than a hundred volumes of juvenile fiction
  - sold over 100 million copies
  - books said that virtue, honesty, and industry are rewarded by success
    - “survival of the purest” and “there is always room at the top”
      - esp. nonsmokers, nondrinkers, non-swearers, and non-liars.

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Charlotte Perkins Gilman

1898 Women and Economics
- a classic of feminist literature
- called on women to abandon their dependent status
- get involved w/ economy
- advocated centralized nurseries + cooperative kitchens to facilitate women’s participation in the work force

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Carrie Chapman Catt

stressed the imp. of giving women the vote if they continue their traditional roles as homemakers + mothers
- women had special responsibility for the health of the family and the education of children
- need a voice on boards of public health, police commissions, and school boards

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Megalopolis

city whose growth was stimulated by new methods of travel
- carved into different districts for business, industry, and residential neighborhoods
  - which were segregated by race, ethnicity + social class

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Ethnicity

social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
- another factor in separating ppl

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Settlement House

a neighborhood center in impoverished areas that tended to serve immigrants
- ex. Hull House (Chicago) + Henry Street Settlement (NY)

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Nativism

Anti-foreignism- belief that immigrants are inferior

- prominent in 1840s 1850s +1880s

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Evolution

Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” idea
- cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the Bible
  - Conservatives (Fundamentalists)
    - scripture=word of god
  - “Modernists’’ (Darwinians)
    - refused to accept the Bible in its entirety as either history or science

Philanthropy

“the desire to promote the welfare of others by the generous donation of money to good causes”
- philanthropy supplemented federal grants to higher education
- philanthropist
  - described as “one who steals privately and gives publicly’’

Pragmatism

held that truth was to be tested by action rather than theories.

Yellow Journalism (aka sensationalism)

Joseph Pulitzer- leader in techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis
- esp. w/ New York World
- exaggeration of stories and rumors
- use of the colored comic supplements with the “Yellow Kid’’
- gave the name yellow journalism

New Immigration

came from southern and eastern Europe
- Italians
- Croats
- Slovaks
- Greeks
- Poles
- many worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues
- came from countries with little history of democratic gov’t
  - ppl had grown accustomed to the fact that opportunities for advancement were few
    - illiterate + impoverished
- preferred to seek industrial jobs in jam-packed cities rather than move out to farms
- 1880s- 19 percent of the immigrants
- 1910s - 66 percent of the total inflow
  - hived together in cities (New York + Chicago)

Social Gospel

preachers- Walter Rauschenbusch,
- the churches tackle social issues of the day
- predicted tht socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity

Hull House

1889 founded by Jane Addams
- the most prominent (not the first) American settlement house
- Located in a poor immigrant neighborhood
  - Greeks,
  - Italians
  - Russians
  - Germans
- Offered…
  - instruction in English
  - counseling to help newcomers cope with American big-city life
  - child- care services for working mothers
  - cultural activities for neighborhood residents
- 1893- successfully lobbied for an Illinois anti-sweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor
- inspired more settlement houses

American Protective Association (APA)

created in 1887
- 1 million members
- urged voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office
  - sponsored the publication of lustful fantasies about runaway nuns.
- got support form Organized labor and labor unions
  - immigrants ⬇️ wages
  - leaders argued that…
    - American industry was entitled to protection from foreign goods
    - American workers were entitled to protection from foreign laborers.

Modernist

pro-evolution + refused to accept the Bible in its entirety as either history or science
- preachers were removed from their pulpits
- teachers of biology who embraced evolution were dismissed from their chairs

Chautauqua Movement

- mov’t to educate adults + not just children - a successor to the lyceum lectures - 1874 began on the shores of Lake Chautauqua (NY) - organizers achieved gratifying success through nationwide public lectures - featuring well-known speakers (ex Mark Twain) - Chautauqua courses of home study - 100,000 people enrolled in 1892 alone

Morrill Act 1862

- provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education - “Land- grant colleges’’ bound themselves to provide certain services ex.military training. - The Hatch Act of 1887- provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.

Comstock Law

- Anthony Comstock - made lifelong war on the “immoral’’ - defender of sexual purity - boasted that he had confiscated no fewer than - 202,679 “obscene pictures and photos’’ - 4,185 “boxes of pills, powders, etc., used by abortionists’’ - 26 “obscene pictures, framed on walls of saloons’’ - 1873 “armed himself w/ a federal stature” - illegal to send "obscene" material through the mail - used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

- est. in 1874 - pushed for the prohibition of alcohol - lead by Frances E. Willard (also a champion of planned parenthood) - another leader was Carrie A. Nation - smashed saloon bottles and bars - brought considerable disrepute to the prohibition movement because of the violence of her one-woman crusade - the white ribbon was its symbol of purity

18th Amendment

Prohibition amendment | - declared the production, transport and sale of (though not the consumption or private possession of) alcohol illegal