Chapter 14 & 15

Question 1

psychopathology

Answer 1

disorder of the mind

Question 2

etiology

Answer 2

factors that contribute to a disease’s development

Question 3

categorical vs dimensional approach to mental illness

Answer 3

categorical (like DSM) there is a cutoff, dimensional considers them along a continuum

Question 4

assessment

Answer 4

examination of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning to diagnose them

Question 5

diathesis-stress model

Answer 5

individual has an underlying vulnerability (due to genetic predisposition or childhood trauma) and then additional stressful circumstances can trigger it

Question 6

sociocultural model

Answer 6

psychopathology is the result of interactions between individuals and their culture

Question 7

cognitive-behavioral approach

Answer 7

abnormal behavior is caused by learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs. Individuals can be made aware of these conscious thought processes and change them

Question 8

anxiety disorders

Answer 8

excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger, suffers from restless motor behaviors, atrophy in hippocampus, etc. Includes phobias, social anxiety disorder, GAD

Question 9

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 9

diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with specific events

Question 10

panic disorder

Answer 10

sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

Question 11

agoraphobia

Answer 11

afraid of being in situations where escape is difficult, often avoid going into open spaces, often closely linked to panic disorder because they want to avoid having panic attacks in public places

Question 12

obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 12

frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, and compulsions are actions they feel driven to do. Can be caused by conditioning (you associate a compulsion with a release in anxiety). Appears to be related to glutamate and damage to the caudate

Question 13

post traumatic stress disorder

Answer 13

frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to a trauma

Question 14

major depressive disorder

Answer 14

severe negative moods or lack of interest in usually enjoyed activities, accompanied by weight changes, sleep changes, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death. Often associated with damage to left prefrontal cortex

Question 15

persistent depressive disorder

Answer 15

mild to moderate severity, not severe enough to be diagnosed with MDD, much more long lasting

Question 16

learned helplessness

Answer 16

cognitive model of depression where people see themselves as unable to control events in their lives

Question 17

bipolar I disorder

Answer 17

extremely elevated manic episodes usually accompanied by depressive episodes

Question 18

bipolar II disorder

Answer 18

experience less extreme mood elevations (hypomania) and extreme depression

Question 19

dissociative disorders

Answer 19

disorders that involve disruptions of identity, memory, or awareness, thought to be a result from extreme stress. Includes dissociative amnesia, and dissociative fugue (flight), and DID

Question 20

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 20

2+ distinct identities in the same person + memory gaps, happens most often in women who have been abused as children

Question 21

schizophrenia

Answer 21

split between thought and emotion involving alterations in thought, perception, or consciousness. Has to be characterized by delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Interesting note- it could be a schizovirus as more mothers of schizophrenic were in their 2nd trimester during flu season and were more likely to get influenza.

Question 22

positive symptoms

Answer 22

excess, abnormal behavior like delusions or hallucinations. Can often be treated with neurotransmitters

Question 23

negative symptoms

Answer 23

deficits in functioning such as apathy and slowed speech and movement. Harder to treat, thought to result more from brain anatomy than neurochemistry

Question 24

delusions

Answer 24

false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality, often persecutory, grandiose, guilty, or a mistaken identity

Question 25

hallucinations

Answer 25

false sensory perceptions without an external source, often in the form of voices or commands

Question 26

personality disorder examples

Answer 26

cluster A (odd behavior): schizoid, paranoid
cluster B (dramatic behavior): histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
cluster C (anxious behavior): avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

Question 27

borderline personality disorder

Answer 27

disturbances in identity, affect, and impulse control. Cannot tolerate being alone and have abandonment issues along with emotional instability

Question 28

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 28

like a more mild version of psychopathy, people engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy. Biologically, they have a lower level of arousal and do not experience punishment as particularly aversive

Question 29

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 29

developmental disorder, deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted or repetitive interests. Possible causes: weakening of mirror neurons, faulty wiring, antibodies in the womb

Question 30

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 30

disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity. Possible causes include connection between frontal lobes and limbic system being inhibited, as well as differences in basal ganglia which regulates motor behavior and impulse control

Question 31

psychotherapy

Answer 31

formal psychological treatment

Question 32

biological therapies

Answer 32

treatment based on medical approaches to disease (psychopharmacology)

Question 33

eclectic approach

Answer 33

using a variety of techniques to treat psychopathology

Question 34

insight

Answer 34

a client’s awareness of their own unconscious psychological processes and how these affect their daily functioning

Question 35

psychodynamic therapy

Answer 35

based on Freud– helps clients examine their needs, defenses, and motives to understand distress

Question 36

client-centered therapy

Answer 36

humanistic approach, encourages people to fulfill individual potentials for personal growth through self-understanding

Question 37

behavior therapy

Answer 37

behavior is learned and can be unlearned through conditioning. Often uses token economies, exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli, or modeling of an appropriate behavior

Question 38

cognitive therapy

Answer 38

distorted thoughts are what produces maladaptive behaviors and emotions, the therapy aims to modify these thoughts

Question 39

cognitive restructuring

Answer 39

helps people recognize maladaptive thought processes and replace them with more realistic ones

Question 40

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 40

incorporates techniques from cognitive and behavior therapy, tries to correct faulty cognitions and train new behaviors. Generally acknowledged to be the most effective

Question 41

expressed emotion

Answer 41

pattern of negative actions by a clients family members including critical comments, hostility, and emotional over involvement

Question 42

psychotropic

Answer 42

drugs that affect mental processes by changing neurochemistry. Fall into 3 categories: anti-anxiety, antidepressant, antipsychotic

Question 43

anti-anxiety drug

Answer 43

used for short-term treatment of anxiety (Xanax and Ativan). They increase activity of GABA, an inhibitive neurotransmitter. However, they induce drowsiness and are addictive

Question 44

antidepressants

Answer 44

used to treat depression and other disorders. MAO inhibitors help to stop the breakdown of serotonin, tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as Prozac inhibit reuptake

Question 45

antipsychotics (aka neuroleptics)

Answer 45

reduce positive symptoms by binding to dopamine receptors. Can lead to involuntary twitching

Question 46

electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 46

inducing seizures through electrical current. Can still be effective for cases of severe depression

Question 47

transcranial magnetic stimulation & deep brain stimulation (not really important)

Answer 47

a wire coil induces an electric current in the brain region directly below the coil. Electrodes are implanted deep in the brain, used for Parkinson’s

Question 48

dialectical behavior therapy

Answer 48

combines behavioral cognitive and an Eastern meditative mindfulness approach to treat borderline personality disorder

Question 49

applied behavioral analysis

Answer 49

intensive treatment for autism based on operant conditioning (reinforcing positive behaviors)