Chapter 14 & 15 Flashcards
psychopathology
disorder of the mind
etiology
factors that contribute to a disease’s development
categorical vs dimensional approach to mental illness
categorical (like DSM) there is a cutoff, dimensional considers them along a continuum
assessment
examination of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning to diagnose them
diathesis-stress model
individual has an underlying vulnerability (due to genetic predisposition or childhood trauma) and then additional stressful circumstances can trigger it
sociocultural model
psychopathology is the result of interactions between individuals and their culture
cognitive-behavioral approach
abnormal behavior is caused by learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs. Individuals can be made aware of these conscious thought processes and change them
anxiety disorders
excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger, suffers from restless motor behaviors, atrophy in hippocampus, etc. Includes phobias, social anxiety disorder, GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with specific events
panic disorder
sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror
agoraphobia
afraid of being in situations where escape is difficult, often avoid going into open spaces, often closely linked to panic disorder because they want to avoid having panic attacks in public places
obsessive compulsive disorder
frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions. Obsessions are recurrent thoughts, and compulsions are actions they feel driven to do. Can be caused by conditioning (you associate a compulsion with a release in anxiety). Appears to be related to glutamate and damage to the caudate
post traumatic stress disorder
frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to a trauma
major depressive disorder
severe negative moods or lack of interest in usually enjoyed activities, accompanied by weight changes, sleep changes, difficulty concentrating, and thoughts of death. Often associated with damage to left prefrontal cortex
persistent depressive disorder
mild to moderate severity, not severe enough to be diagnosed with MDD, much more long lasting
learned helplessness
cognitive model of depression where people see themselves as unable to control events in their lives
bipolar I disorder
extremely elevated manic episodes usually accompanied by depressive episodes
bipolar II disorder
experience less extreme mood elevations (hypomania) and extreme depression
dissociative disorders
disorders that involve disruptions of identity, memory, or awareness, thought to be a result from extreme stress. Includes dissociative amnesia, and dissociative fugue (flight), and DID
dissociative identity disorder
2+ distinct identities in the same person + memory gaps, happens most often in women who have been abused as children
schizophrenia
split between thought and emotion involving alterations in thought, perception, or consciousness. Has to be characterized by delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech. Interesting note- it could be a schizovirus as more mothers of schizophrenic were in their 2nd trimester during flu season and were more likely to get influenza.
positive symptoms
excess, abnormal behavior like delusions or hallucinations. Can often be treated with neurotransmitters
negative symptoms
deficits in functioning such as apathy and slowed speech and movement. Harder to treat, thought to result more from brain anatomy than neurochemistry
delusions
false beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality, often persecutory, grandiose, guilty, or a mistaken identity
hallucinations
false sensory perceptions without an external source, often in the form of voices or commands
personality disorder examples
cluster A (odd behavior): schizoid, paranoid cluster B (dramatic behavior): histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial cluster C (anxious behavior): avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
borderline personality disorder
disturbances in identity, affect, and impulse control. Cannot tolerate being alone and have abandonment issues along with emotional instability
antisocial personality disorder
like a more mild version of psychopathy, people engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy. Biologically, they have a lower level of arousal and do not experience punishment as particularly aversive
autism spectrum disorder
developmental disorder, deficits in social interaction, impaired communication, and restricted or repetitive interests. Possible causes: weakening of mirror neurons, faulty wiring, antibodies in the womb
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity. Possible causes include connection between frontal lobes and limbic system being inhibited, as well as differences in basal ganglia which regulates motor behavior and impulse control
psychotherapy
formal psychological treatment
biological therapies
treatment based on medical approaches to disease (psychopharmacology)
eclectic approach
using a variety of techniques to treat psychopathology
insight
a client’s awareness of their own unconscious psychological processes and how these affect their daily functioning
psychodynamic therapy
based on Freud– helps clients examine their needs, defenses, and motives to understand distress
client-centered therapy
humanistic approach, encourages people to fulfill individual potentials for personal growth through self-understanding
behavior therapy
behavior is learned and can be unlearned through conditioning. Often uses token economies, exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli, or modeling of an appropriate behavior
cognitive therapy
distorted thoughts are what produces maladaptive behaviors and emotions, the therapy aims to modify these thoughts
cognitive restructuring
helps people recognize maladaptive thought processes and replace them with more realistic ones
cognitive-behavioral therapy
incorporates techniques from cognitive and behavior therapy, tries to correct faulty cognitions and train new behaviors. Generally acknowledged to be the most effective
expressed emotion
pattern of negative actions by a clients family members including critical comments, hostility, and emotional over involvement
psychotropic
drugs that affect mental processes by changing neurochemistry. Fall into 3 categories: anti-anxiety, antidepressant, antipsychotic
anti-anxiety drug
used for short-term treatment of anxiety (Xanax and Ativan). They increase activity of GABA, an inhibitive neurotransmitter. However, they induce drowsiness and are addictive
antidepressants
used to treat depression and other disorders. MAO inhibitors help to stop the breakdown of serotonin, tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as Prozac inhibit reuptake
antipsychotics (aka neuroleptics)
reduce positive symptoms by binding to dopamine receptors. Can lead to involuntary twitching
electroconvulsive therapy
inducing seizures through electrical current. Can still be effective for cases of severe depression
transcranial magnetic stimulation & deep brain stimulation (not really important)
a wire coil induces an electric current in the brain region directly below the coil. Electrodes are implanted deep in the brain, used for Parkinson’s
dialectical behavior therapy
combines behavioral cognitive and an Eastern meditative mindfulness approach to treat borderline personality disorder
applied behavioral analysis
intensive treatment for autism based on operant conditioning (reinforcing positive behaviors)
