Chapter 12 Flashcards
social psychology
how people influence other people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions
reciprocity and transitivity
reciprocity- I scratch your back you scratch mine
transitivity- if you dislike someone I will also dislike them
outgroup homogeneity effect
people view outgroup members as less varied
social identity theory
in-groups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be of the same social category/experience pride bc of it
in-group favoritism
more likely to distribute resources to in-group members. Not relevant but mPFC is important for thinking about in-groups
social facilitation
presence of others generally enhances performance, but specifically does it if the preferred response is a dominant response instead of a novel one
deindividuation
people are not self aware and not paying attention to their personal standards bc they’re in a group
group polarization
if most of the group members are somewhat cautious, the group becomes even more cautious and vice versa (initial attitudes become more extreme)
groupthink
tendency of groups to make bad decision for the sake of keeping the group together under stressful situations, especially when its biased
social loafing
people work harder alone than in a group
normative influence
people go along with the crowd to fit in and avoid looking foolish
informational influence
people assume the behavior of the crowd is the right one
social norms
expected standards of conduct, people follow them even when they are obviously wrong
compliance
tendency to agree to fulfill others’ requests
foot in the door effect
if people agree to a small request, they become more likely to comply with a large request (opposite is door in the face, where people are more likely to agree to a small request after they have refused a large one)
obedience
following orders of authority
aggression
behavior with intention to harm others, triggered by many negative emotions, especially being rejected from a group. MAOA gene makes you more susceptible to engaging in violence
prosocial behaviors
actions that benefit others
altruism
provided help even without any apparent reward
inclusive fitness
people are altruistic toward those with whom they share genes
bystander intervention effect
failure to offer help when other people are present. occurs because of diffusion of responsibility, fear of social blunders, ability to remain anonymous, ambiguity of the situation, and how much trouble it would be for them
attitudes
people’s evaluations of objects, events, or ideas
mere exposure effect
people are more likely to have positive attitudes of things they are familiar with
explicit vs implicit attitudes
ones you can report vs the ones you actually act on
cognitive dissonance
contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior. One subtype is post decisional, like with hazing (you justify an action afterwards)
persuasion
active and conscious effort to change an attitude through transmission of a message
attributions and their types
explanations for events or behaviors. Personal attribution is attributing people’s behavior to their internal characteristics, whereas situational attributions attribute it to external events
fundamental attribution error
people tend to overemphasize personal traits over situational factors when explaining behavior (the reverse occurs when they are attributing their own behavior)
prejudice
negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype
discrimination
inappropriate treatment of people as a result of prejudice
