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chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

themes

A
  • features of reign of particular sultan -> DONE
    ex: babar’s reign -> gunpowder?
  • important battles,significance -> DONE
    ex. battle of khanwa
    ex. battle of dharmant
  • important personality,details
    ex. rana sanga
  • sultan & features of it’s military
    ex: Akbar’s reign -> each horse fighter to have 2 horses.
  • major sultan & timelapse of their life -> DONE
    ex. Akbar’s territory in which year looks like the one shown in map
    ex. akbar marching to afghanistan

-Match the following
year & major event(battle,capturing imp city,accession of king,giving charter to european powers)

  • types of troopers & details about them
    ex. Ahadis
  • important monument & their details
    ex. Ibadat Khana
  • important poets -> titles given by,composed what?
    ex. Mia tansen
  • Change in particular art by particular sultan
    ex: shifted emphasis from illustrated manuscripts to album and individual portrait
  • important events & contemporary sultan
    ex: sultan @ first factory by EIC

-know the map of kingdom of each sultan in timelapse -> asked thrice

  • particular campaign & it’s motives
    ex. Shahjahan’s Balkh campaign
  • important expeditions
    ex: Dara shikoh ; shahajahan
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2
Q

features of reign of particular sultan

A

1.Babar
introduced guns and canons in India.
first to use gunpowder;the effective use of artillery

2.humayun

3.sher shah
-emerged as chief of afghans in india
-left khijr khan as bengal governor -> khijr revolted -> made administration centralised.
-village headmen made responsible for the
goods stolen within the area
-peasants welfare
-army did not damage crops
-Land revenue based on land fertility
-taxes on traders only at the point of entry and the point of sale.-> trade increased
-Highways : (a)repaired Grand Trunk road from the Indus in the west to Sonargaon in Bengal ; (b)road connecting Gujarat’s
seaports with Agra and Jodhpur;
(c)road connecting Lahore with Multan
-gave justice without bias.

4.akbar
-built a city in Fathepur sikri and there he built Ibadat Khana (house of worship where debateson religion took place.)
-abolished pilgirmage tax and Ziziya. He banned forced conversion.banned sati.Matrimonial alliance with rajputs. Married harkha bai(jodha bai) d.o. Bhar mal of Amber
-He founded Din-e-Illahi, consisting of principles like worship of fire and sun, abandon meat eating, celebrating birth
days etc.
-capital shifts from agra -> fatehpur sikri-> lahore
-discontinued making slaves of war
-

5.jahangir
-executed 5th Sikh Guru, Arjun Dev
-12 firmans : Banning intoxicants, abolishing of taxes, release of political prisoners, Hospitals
-Captain Hawkins and Sir Thomas
Roe,british ambassadors.in his reign british got permission to establish a British factory at Surat
-more interested in art and painting and gardens and flowers -> wife mehrunisa(nur-jahan) became real power behind the throne.

  1. shah jahan
  2. Peacock throne for king was made ;
  3. Built taj-mahal
  4. aurangzeb
    - first 25 years @ delhi ; last 25yrs @ deccan -> prompted by rebellion of prince akbar
  • initially retained Shah Jahanabad as his capital ; later capital moved with him
  • levied Jizya
  • empire : SS#291
  • did not have enough trustworthy men -> many political appointees broke loose

-Aurangzeb’s preoccupation with
affairs in the Deccan -> other parts neglected

-new temples not allowed to be constructed , only repairing allowed. -> hindu officials increased in reign surprisingly

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3
Q

important battles,significance,participants

A

1.Babar
a.First Battle of Panipat (1526)-
Defeated Ibrahim Lodi and
estbalished Mughal Sultanate.
b. Battle of Kanwa,near agra (1527)- He
defeated Rana Sangram Singh(AKA Rana sanga -> chittor ruler),ruler of mewar. In this battle he declared “Jihad”(
Religious war).
c. Battle of Chanderi(1528)- He
defeated Medini Roy of Chanderi. i.e.malwa region
d. Battle of Ghagra(tributary of ganges) (1529)- He defeated Nusrat Shah, Sultan of Bengal.

2.humayun
three of these battles with sher
shah suri:

  1. Battle of Chunar (1538)- Sher Shah Suri got defeated and was pardoned because sher shah told that he will be loyal to mughals
  2. Battle of Chausa (1539) - humayun marched bengal to fight sher shah-> heard of the rebellion of Hindal,
    his younger brother ->proceeded to agra-> sher shah attacked
    Humayun got defeated and escaped from battlefield.

3.bahadur shah of gujrat
why?had annexed Rajasthan and
instigated and provided refuge to all anti-Mughal elements.-> captured gujrat,malwa-> made incharge to brother askari ->askari unable to control revolt -> he went towards agra -> humayun felt that askari will keep agra for himself,but later both reconciled.

  1. Battle of Kannuj/Bilgram(1540)- after chausa defeat,again assembled army ->
    Humayun got defeated and empire was taken by Sher Shah Suri.

5.Battle of Sirhind(1555) : defeated sikander suri,son of sher shah suri

  1. sher shah
    - won malwa,
    - won mewar from rana uday singh
    - went to capture Kalinjar failed as a gunshot caused his death
  2. akbar (SS #290)
  3. Second Battle of Panipat(1556 A.D) : defeated Hemu, senapati of Bihar Sultanate. (the Hindu general of the displaced Afghan king Adil Shah, successor of Sher Shah) ; Arrow struck in hemu’s eye -> army demoralised.
  4. won Malwa from Baz Bahadur (1562)
  5. Won gondwana from rani durgawati (1564)

4.ruler of Mewar, Rana Udai Singh, put
up a great fight before losing Chittor ; -> followed by the surrender of Rajput states like Ranthambhor, Kalinjar, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer.

  1. conquered Gujarat from Muzaffar Shah in 1573.
  2. Won bihar & bengal from daud khan (1576)
  3. 0 Battle of haldighati (1576) b/w Rana of Mewar, Maharana Pratap, and the Mughal emperor Akbar’s forces, led by Man Singh I of Amber.

7.defeated Mirza Hakim of Kabul
with the help of Raja Man Singh(1581)

  1. of Kashmir (1586) and Sindh (1591)
  2. Won khandesh (1591)
  3. Won berar from chand bibi(regent of ahmadnagar’s sultan) (1596)
  4. Won parts of ahmadnagar (1600)
  5. jahangir
  6. His accesion challenged by his own son -> blinded him(1605)
  7. Tamed usman khan from bengal
  8. Mewar won by his son shah-jahan(prince khurram) against Rana Amar Singh (s.o. rana pratap singh) -> accepted suzereinity
  9. 1608 Ahmad Nagar in the Deccan had declared independence under Malik Ambar.
  10. Kandahar, conquered by Akbar from the Persians , was retaken by the Persian King Shah Abbas (1622)
  11. shah jahan
  12. when crowned -> rebellion by pir lodi governor of the southern provinces -> defeated & killed him -> divided region in 4 province -> made aurangzeb viceroy
  13. conquered and annexed Ahmednagar (1636)
  14. invaded Golkonda-> treaty made the Qutub Shahi ruler a vassal of the Mughal empire
  15. annexed Kandahar, conquered by Akbar and lost by Jahangir(1638)
  16. Defeated portugese :they were taking people as slave, supported vijapur king
  17. aurangzeb
    - battles with Dara shikoh at Dharma and Samugar
  • suppressed revolts of Jats of Agra(Mathura district)(1669), Sikh revolt, Bundela revolts, Rajputs, satnami revolts(haryana)
  • annexed Bijapur and Golconda (1687)

-The Rana of Mewar, Rana Raj Singh,
resenting the interference of Aurangzeb in
the affairs of Marwar rose in revolt -> later peace treaty

  • killed guru tegh bahadur for supporting dara shikoh -> sent prince akbar to pacify rajputs -> prince became rebel -> had to flee to persia
  • killed sambhaji(1689)
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4
Q

who established mughal empire? when?how?

A
  • Babur
  • in 1526
  • defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the battle of Panipat
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5
Q

what forced babar to come to india? he was ruling which area b4 coming to india?

A

-race for political supremacy in Central
Asia amongst the Uzbeks,the Safavids,the
Ottomans.
-babar was ruler of samarkand.

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6
Q

Autobiography/related books

A

1.Babar
Tuzuk-i-Babri (baburnama) ,world classic

2.humayun
Humayun Nama : sister gul badan

3.sher shah

4.akbar
1. Abul Fazal : Akbar Nama (Taimur to
Akbar.) ; Ain-i-Akbari (adminsitration)
2. Abdul Khadir Badauni :
Muntakab-ul-Tawarik.
3. Nizamuddin Ahmed : Tabaqat-i Akbari.
-his period was popularly known as ‘the renaissance of Persian literature’.

5.jahangir
Himself wrote : Tuzuki Jahangiri

6.1 shah jahan
Abdul Hamid Lahori wrote Badusha nama.

6.2 Dara shikoh -> son of shah jahan
-transalated Bhagavad gita into
persian; and transalted 52
upanishads and named as “Sirr-e -
Akbari”.
-wrote “ Majma-ul-Bahrain”.

7.aurangzeb
-Ishwardas- wrote a book called
Futuhat-I Alangir
2. Mohd. Kazimi wrote Alangir
nama.
3. Mustaid Khan wrote a book
named Masir -i-Alangiri.
4. Bhimsen wrote a book
Nushka-i- Dilsukha.
5. Kafi Khan wrote a book Kitabul-
lubab.

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7
Q

Death of sultans

A

Babar : he died on his way from Agra to Lahore in 1530,after battle of ghagra

humayun : he slipped down the stairs
of the library in the fort at Delhi.

sher shah : to capture Kalinjar failed as a gunshot caused his death in 1545

akbar

jahangir

shahjahan

aurangzeb

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8
Q

new city constructed by humayun in delhi?

A

Dinpanah

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9
Q

Mughal empire expansion

A

https://www.mapsofindia.com/history/mughal-empire-map.jpg

1530 : babur died(till then babur)

1605 :akbar died

1707 : aurangzeb died

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10
Q

maratha kingdom

A

https://www.mapsofindia.com/history/maratha-empire.html

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11
Q
  • important monument & their details

ex. Ibadat Khana

A
  1. Sher shah suri
    - started building walled city in delh -> purana qila(old fort)
  2. Akbar
    - buland darwaja @ fatehpur sikri
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12
Q

Mughals descended from whom?

A

Mongol Chengiz Khan and the Turk Timur.

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13
Q

Who invited babur to invade india?

A

Daulat Khan Lodi,opponent of Ibrahim Lodi, and Rana Sangha, ruler of Mewar and the chief of Rajput Confederacy

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14
Q

Who invited babur to invade india?

A

Daulat Khan Lodi,opponent of Ibrahim Lodi, and Rana Sangha, ruler of Mewar and the chief of Rajput Confederacy

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15
Q

what is jagirdari?

A
  • developed during the Delhi Sultanate.

- collection of the revenue by official of state

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16
Q

what is zamindari?

A
  • collected revenue from the tenants and cultivators and remitted a fixed amount to the state.
  • post hereditary
17
Q

what is zamindari?

A
  • collected revenue from the tenants and cultivators and remitted a fixed amount to the state.
  • post hereditary
18
Q

Who was bairam khan?

A

-akbar came on throne @ 14 yrs -> bairam khan his regent -> later started to behave haughtily towards other nobles -> akbar dismissed him -> revolted -> revolt managed -> went to mecca

19
Q

Which rajput kingdoms defied akbar’s authority?

A

1.Mewar
By : Rana uday singh & his son Rana pratap singh

2.Marwar(jodhpur)
ruler Chandra Sen, son of Maldeo
Rathore, resisted the Mughals till his death.even though his brothers fought from akbar’s side.

20
Q

What is mansabdari system?

A
  • centralised system of administration
  • by akbar
  • The salary of a Mansabdar was fixed in cash but was paid by assigning him a jagir
  • not hereditary
  • Mansabdar rank was divided into Zat (number of soldiers) and Sawar(no. of horses).
21
Q 
Akbar’s Religious Policy
propogated which philosophy?
exact words to describe his philosophy?
his philosophy is considered as?
Started which separate department?
A
  1. philosophy of Sulh-i-Kul (peace to all).
  2. Tauhid-i-Ilahi namely Din Ilahi. Tauhid-i-Ilahi literally meant divine monotheism.

3.considered a sufistic order but
not a new religion.

4.big translation department -> The
Ramayana, Mahabharata, the Atharva Veda, the Bible and the Quran -> into Persian.

22
Q

Who was malik ambar?

A
  • slave from Ethiopia
  • learnt about statecraft, military and administrative affairs from Chengiz Khan(P.M. of ahmad nagar)
  • later became the Military Commander and Regent of one of the south Indian Sultanates.
  • Deccan Muslims and Marathas united to resist Mughal hegemony -> brain of malik ambar
  • Trained marathas
23
Q

Which are deccan sultanates or southern sultanates?

A 
Golkonda (Qutb Shahs), 
Bijapur (Adil Shahs), 
Berar (Imad Shahs), 
Bidar (Barid Shahs)
Ahmad Nagar (Nizam Shahs)
24
Q 
Taj mahal
by?
for?
has blend of which styles?
chief architect?
A
  1. shah-jahan
  2. Mumtaj mahal
  3. a blend of Indian, Persian and Islamic
  4. Ahmad Lahawri
25
Q

Who was dara shukoh?

A
  • s.o. shah jahan,shah jahan wanted him to become ruler
  • interested in Sufism
  • found a close connection between Hinduism and Islam.
  • translated the Upanishads from Sanskrit to Persian
26
Q 
Gol Gumbaz of Bijapur
by?
where?
what?
importance?
A
  1. By Mohammad Adil Shah (1627-1656).
  2. Bijapur (modern Vijayapura),Karnataka
  3. Gol Gumbaz (round dome)
  4. The dome is the second largest in the world
  5. Muhammad adil shah & other 4 people are buried there
27
Q

Features of mughal society
who was muqaddam? it’s relation with panchayat?
responsibility of panchayat?
grants recieved by salaried class is called as?
Important rajput nobles ?
why were there continuous migrations from
Central Asia in India?
Discouraged which hindu practise?

A
  1. The Muqaddam, privileged headman of the village, formed the Panch (Panchayat)
  2. The Panch was responsible for collection and maintenance of accounts at the village level
  3. Madad-i-mash
  4. Raja Man Singh, Raja Todar Mal and Raja Birbal
  5. as there were better career prospects
  6. Sati
28
Q

Mughal economy
1.Grafted varieties of mango were developed by?

  1. which region saw growth of sericulture?
  2. What is zabt system? who started it?
  3. who were banjaras?
  4. What is hundi?
  5. who were prominent trading communities.
  6. Import & export by europeans in mughal period?
A
  1. Portugese
  2. bengal
  3. money revenue rates were now fixed on each unit of area according to the crops cultivated ->by akbar
  4. traders-> carried goods in a large bulk over long distances.
  5. Letters of credit using which movement of goods was facilitated
  6. The Bohra Muslims of Gujarat, Marwaris of Rajasthan, Chettiars on Coromandel coast, and Muslims of Malabar.

7.Europeans imported spices, indigo,
Bengal silk, muslin, calico and chintz.India obtained large quantities of silver and gold.

29
Q

Religion in mughal times
1.Which sect was prominent in The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

  1. Tulsidas was proponent of which cult?
  2. Who propogated the religion of grace?
  3. what was the name of bhakti movement in Karnataka? who propogated it? which class was represented?
  4. Who was the most important figure of the Bhakti movement?
  5. What was occupation of kabir,Ravidas,Sain,Dadu
A
  1. Vaishnavism
  2. Rama cult(Ramcharitmanas)

3.Vallabhacharya and his son Vitthalnath
propagated

4.The Dasakuta movement
by Vyasaraya
lower class movement.

5.Kabir

6.Kabir - weaver
Ravidas - worker in hides i.e.leather work
Sain - barber
Dadu- cotton carder

30
Q

Science & technology

  1. focus on?
  2. who translated bhaskaracharya’s lilavati?
  3. system of water lift installed at?
  4. who popularized device to cool water? what was used?
  5. who devised the ‘ship’s camel’ ? what is it?
  6. Indians na 17th century madhe iron cast karayala jamat hota ka?
A
  1. mathematics and astronomy
  2. Akbar’s court poet Faizi
  3. Fatehpur sikri
  4. Akbar ; used saltpetre

5.Akbar ; barge on which the ship is
built to make it easier for the ship to be carried to the sea.

6.No (Sanjay dutt “ Nahi”)

31
Q

Architecture

  1. Features of mughal architecture?
  2. sur dynasty contributions?
  3. Akbar contributions
  4. jahangir contributions
  5. Shah jahan contributions
  6. aurangzeb contribution
  7. imp mughal contribution for people
A

1.domes,minarets, cupolas in the four corners, designs,pietra dura (pictorial mosaic work).

2.Purana Qila with a raised citadel and the
tombs on a terraced platform surrounded by large tanks ;
-tombs of Sher Shah and Islam Shah at Sasaram in Bihar

3.Humyun’s tomb : designed by persian & built by indians ; has gardens & on raised platform
-Agra fort : red sandstone ; has rajput style
-Fatehpur sikri : magnificent gateway the Buland Darwaza, with red sandstone
-The mausoleum of Akbar at Sikandra
near Agra started by Akbar and completed by Jahangir has Buddhist elements.

  1. built first Mughal building built completely with white marble
    - shalimar garden
  2. Taj mahal
    - The Red Fort in Delhi, encompassed by magnificent buildings like Diwan-i Aam, Diwan-i-Khas, Moti Mahal and Hira Mahal
    - Moti masjid in agra fort
    - jama masjid,delhi
    - shahajahanabad(old delhi) -> new township
    - shalimar garden
  3. Badshahi mosque in Lahore
  4. the bridge over the Gomati river at Jaunpur. The most impressive feat is the West Yamuna Canal which provided water to Delhi.
32
Q

Painting

  1. famous miniature painters that came with humayun?
  2. who were famous painters of Akbar’s court?
  3. During whose time portrait painting and the painting of animals had developed?
A
  1. Abdu’s Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali
  2. daswant & basawan
  3. Jahangir’s
33
Q

Music & dance

  1. location of tansen? in whose darbar ? work?
  2. who was instrumental in inspiring important developments?
A
  1. from gwalior ; in akbar’s court ; created many ragas

2. later mughal muhammad shah.

34
Q

Akbar was contemporary to whom?

A
  • Elizabeth of England ;
  • Shakespeare
  • Henry IV of France, first ruler of the Bourbon dynasty
  • Abbas the Great of Persia(safavid dynasty)

History - Medieval (8 decks)

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