Chap 10 Flashcards
Themes
- Incharge of various systems of admin. ex:Amil
- Important systems/institutions/offices ex:iqta system,office of mir bakshi
- Who invaded during reign of whom? ex:chengez khan invaded when
- reasons of sultan’s death
- Meaning of certain terms ex:fawazil
- related to issuing currency
- last ruler of dynasty
- Built what? ex:Diwan-i-bandgani
- 1-2 biggest activities of each king ex:built biggest canal n/w of India
Give timeline of 5 components of Sultanate (1206–1526) -> slave,khalji,tughlaq,sayyid.Lodi
(a) Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)
(b) Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)
(c) Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
(d) Sayyid Dynasty (1414- 1451)
(e) Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526).
important sources on sultanate by Al beruni & Amir khusrau?
1)Al-Beruni: Tarikh-Al-Hind (Indian
Philosophy and Religion written in Arabic)
2)Mifta Ul Futuh (Victories
of Jalal-ud-din Khalji); Khazain Ul Futuh
(Victories of Allauddin Khalji - Texts in
Persian)
important sources on sultanate by Al beruni & Amir khusrau?
1)Al-Beruni: Tarikh-Al-Hind (Indian
Philosophy and Religion written in Arabic)
2)Mifta Ul Futuh (Victories
of Jalal-ud-din Khalji); Khazain Ul Futuh
(Victories of Allauddin Khalji - Texts in
Persian)
Arab conquest of sind by whom?
The Arab governor of Iraq, Hajjaj Bin Yusuf -> sent son-in-law -> muhammad bin qasim.
who was Sabuktagin?
Arab empire in Central Asia collapsed -> many component empires formed -> one of these samanid empire -> sabuktagin used to serve samanid-> seized city of Ghazni -> estd Ghaznavid dynasty kingdom.
who did seventeen military campaigns into India &
targeted Hindu temples?why?
Mahmud ,elder son of sabuktagin
- he temple nashta karun apan aplya devacha prasar kartoy asa gaznavaid soldiers na vatla -> emotions related to religion.
- Mahmud raided somnath
last king of Ghaznavid dynasty?
Khurav shah by Muizuddin muhammad i.e.Muhammad ghori -> same ghori fought 2 battles of Tarain
Who was Al beruni? came to india with which king?literary works?
- mathematician, philosopher, astronomer, and historian, came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni.
- wrote Kitab Ul Hind.
- translated the Greek work of Euclid into Sanskrit.
-He transmitted Aryabhata’s magnum opus Aryabattiyam (the thesis that earth’s rotation around its
axis creates day and night) to the West. He was the inter-civilizational connect between India and the rest of the world.
difference b/w ghaznavaid & ghurid invasions
ghaznavaids took a loot & left
ghuris created garissons
2 battles of Tarain were fought b/w whom? what were results?when?
1191 -> b/w prithviraj chauhan & muhammad ghori -> chauhan won
1192 -> same people -> ghori won ->prithviraj initially restored on throne -> later executed.
-Ghori’s general Qutb-uddin Aibak was appointed as his deputy in India
who is jayachandra of kanauj?
jevha sarvanni prithviraj la support kela tevha hyane nahi kela -> defeated by ghuri
how muhammad ghuri died?
returning from war with jayachandra while camping
on the banks of Indus, killed by some unidentified assassins.
temples of Khajuraho temple complex? who built them?
Lakshmana temple, Vishwanatha temple and Kandariya Mahadeva temple was built by the Chandelas of Bundelkhand.
who established slave dynasty?
Qutb-ud-din aibak(1206-10)
meaning of mamluk?
slave dynasaty also known as mamluk dynasty
mamluk means property
reason of qutb-ud-din aibak’s death?
accident while playing chaugan (Horse polo
who assisted qutb-ud-din aibak in destroying Nalanda university of bihar?
Bakhtiyar khalji
who was Iltutmish (1211–1236)?
slave & son-in-law of qutb-ud-din aibak
how iltumish saved india from chengiz khan?
by refusing to support the Khwarizmi Shah Jalaluddin of Central Asia against Chengiz.
which big monument was built in iltumish’s time?
Qutb minar at delhi.
trick? qutb-ud-din aibak was previous ruler -> tyachya memory madhe.
which coins were introduced by Iltumish?
copper & silver tanka.
who was father of raziya sultana ? her giving promotion to whom angered nobels? what was origin of these angry nobels?
- daugther of Iltumish
- promoted Abyssinian slave, Jalal-ud-din Yaqut
- angered turkish nobels.
what is nisba?
was used to indicate regional & social identity of slaves. also indicated their master.
Ex: Mu‘izz al-Din’s slave carried the nisba Mu‘izzi
who was balban before becoming sultan? his approach towards nobels?
- bought as slave named Ulugh Khan -> commander of the Shivalikh territories in the North-West -> became Sultan Ghiyas ud-din Balban (1266-1287)
- dealt with nobels harshly as nobels were destabilizing sultanates.
What balban did to avoid chengiz khan?
- fortifying frontiers
- maintain a good relationship with Hulagu Khan, the Mongol Viceroy of Iran and a grandson of Chengiz Khan -> promised won’t cross sutluj
how balban died?
favorite son died in clash with mongols -> saddened -> fell ill -> died.
who are called Mongols?
region ruled by them in 12th century?
why so succesful?
- Mongolic-speaking nomadic tribes of Central Asia
- most of modern-day Russia, China, Korea, south-east Asia, Persia, India, the Middle East and Eastern Europe under chengiz khan
- fast horses
- brilliant cavalry tactics
- openness to new technologies
how Jalal-ud-din Khalji rose to power?
elder son of balban unfit -> younger son of 3 yrs put on throne -> jalal became regent -> later executed son & became king
how Ala-ud-din Khalji rose to power? his policy towards nobels?
nephew and son-in-law of Jalaluddin Khalji got jalal-uddin killed.
-dismissed many top nobels -> punished opportunistic nobels who used to change sides for benefits -> took away nobels wealth.
Ala-ud-din & mongol threats?
he defeated mongols twice & third times killed many of them mercilessly.
why so many military campaigns by ala-ud-din?
inability of the Sultanate to effectively harness the agrarian resources of its North Indian territories.
name places & rulers defeated by malik kafur?
- devagiri
- kakatiya ruler of warangal
- Hoyasala ruler
- chidambaram
- srirangam
- pandyan capital of madurai
who founded The Forty System (Chahalgani)? what was their origin?
Iltumish
all of Turkish origin.
Policy of ala-ud-ddin on liquor & gambling
banned liquor,drugs & gambling.-> widespread violations happened -> relaxed rules.
who set up postal system?
Ala-ud-din
who was the first Sultan to pay his soldiers in cash rather than give them a share of booty?
what had to change to suit this?
Ala-ud-din
-paise limited dyayacha to lokanna hence essential commodities chya kimmati control madhe thevnyasathi black marketing karnaryanna khup shiksha vhayachi.
what led to end of khalji dyansty?
post ala-ud-din -> Malik kafur for a month -> killed -> ghazi malik who was involved in preventing mongol attacks became ruler -> named Ghiyas-ud-din tughlaq.
Innovative ideas of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
(1325-1351) that later failed?
- moving capital to devgiri (daulatabad) -> to better rule south -> understood its hard ro rule north from there -> again delhi
- issued bronze coins, fake coins were minted by people -> failed & order removed
which sultan estd separate department for agri? name of dept?
- Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
- Diwan-i-Amir Kohi
difference in policies of ala-ud-din khalji & muhammad bin tughlaq with respect distant territories
Ala-ud-din Khalji had not annexed distant
territories knowing full well that they could not
be effectively governed.
Muhammad annexed all
Death of muhammad bin tughlaq?
While he was frantically engaged in pursuing a rebel
leader in Gujarat, he fell ill, and died.
who was firuz shah tughlaq?
his father, was the younger brother of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq -> hence he was nephew of Ghiyas-ud-din tughlaq
Who was vazir of firuz shah tughlaq?
Khan-i-Jahan, was a Brahmin convert to Islam. Originally known as Kannu
separate department for whom by firuz shah tugh?
-Slaves
Firuz shah tugh on nobles,wars & religion?
- Nobles : a conciliatory policy towards the nobles -> made some posts hereditary
- policy of no wars
- favoured orthodox Islam -> imposed jizya ; never banned building of temples
sultanate & jizya?
- Qutb-ud-din aibak imposed for first time
- akbar stopped
- aurangzeb imposed.
irrigation project by firuz shah tughlaq?
from Sutlej river to Hansi
who was sultan when timur invaded?
last Tughlaq ruler Nasir-uddin Muhammad Shah
How sayyid dynasty was established?
Timur appointed Khizr Khan as his deputy -> he seized delhi & established dynasty.
what important art work was compiled in sayyid rulers rule?
Tarikh-i- Mubarak Shahi by Yahiya bin Ahmad Sirhindi.
one Sultan who voluntarily abdicated his throne?
Alam shah of sayyid dynasty
who established Lodi dynasty?
Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489)
How lodi dynasty ended?
The last Lodi ruler Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat (1526).
Which sultan shifted capital from delhi to agra?
Sikander Lodi (1489–1517)
what is iqta’s?
The Sultans required the holders of iqta’s (called muqtis or walis) to maintain troops for royal service out of the taxes collected by them.
who were the muqti’s?
provincial governors.
who founded Virashaiva or Lingayat sect in
Karnataka? when ? fetures?
[Ref :PYQ 2016
Lingayats of kannada region questioned theory of rebirth & rejected caste hierarchie.]
- by Basava -> believed in one God (Parashiva).
- in 13th century
- Caste distinctions were denied,
- women given a better status
- Brahmans could no longer monopolise priesthood
Who played important part in transmitting the
southern Bhakti and monotheism to Northern
India?
- Namdev(maharashtra)
- Ramanand, a follower of Ramanuja.
Important cities of 14th century?
Great cities : Delhi & Daulatabad
communities of people involved in land & sea trade?
- Jain Marwaris, Hindu Multanis and Muslim Bohras, Khurasanis, Afghans and Iranians.
- the Gujaratis and Tamils dominated the sea trade.
what is maktab?
where a schoolmaster taught children to read and write.
which are the two most influential orders among the sufis in fourteenth century?
Suhrawardi, centred at Multan, and the Chisti at Delhi and other places. The most famous Chishti Saint, Shaik Nizamuddin
what is the office of Caliph/Caliphate & who ended it?
- Considered to be the successor of Prophet Muhammad
- ended by Mushtafa Kemal Attaturk
What changed in indian architecture due to external sultans?
- Arch, dome, vaults and use of lime cement,
- the striking Saracenic(pre-Islamic nomadic people of the Syrian and Arabian Deserts) features
- use of marble, red, grey and yellow sandstones
which existing buildings were converted to suit ruler’s needs?
- Qutb-uddin Aibak’s Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque
- the Adhai din ka Jhopra in Ajmer.
who built Alai darwaja?
Ala-ud-din khalji
who created an artificial lake around the fortress by blocking the river Yamuna?
by Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq and Muhammad bin Tughlaq @ tughlaqabad & delhi
building of which sultan combined Indian and Saracenic features in alternate storeys, displaying a sense of integration.?example?
buildings of Firuz Tughlaq, especially his pleasure resort, Hauz Khas.
what is Arabesque?
the art of decorating the building with Quranic verses
Major muslim musical instruments
Rabab & sarangi
a Sufi saint,who was considered a great musician of the age.
Pir bhodan
Who evinced interest in music leading to synchronisation by translating an Indian Sanskrit musical work into Persian? name of that work?
- Firuz Tughlaq
- Rag Darpan
important musician and dancer respectively in the court of Jalaluddin Khalji?
Nusrat Khatun and Mihr Afroz
Who was major figure of Persian prose and poetry? in which work is he elated to call himself indian?
- Amir khusrau
- Nu siphr (nine skies)
which sanskrit inscription claims that due to the benign rule of Sultan Balban god Vishnu sleeps in peace?
-Palam Baoli
summary
Muhammad Bin Qasim’s expedition against
Sind in 712.
The first three decades of the 11thcentury
witnessed the military raids of Mahmud
of Ghazni whose intention was to loot and
plunder.
Muhammad Ghori’s invasion by the end
of 12th century led to the establishment of
Delhi Sultanate in 1206 under Qutb-ud-din
Aibak.
Rajput rulers lost their supremacy in the
beginning of 13thcentury in the face of
superior military tactics.
The contributions of five dynasties that constituted the Delhi Sultanate focusing
on important rulers of Slave, Khalji and
Tughlaq dynasties.
Ala-ud-din Khalji’s several radical military
and market reforms
Muhammad bin Tughlaq’s innovative
measures that were far ahead of his time
and their fallout.
Firuz Tughlaq’s reforms and measures which
earned him the goodwill of the people.
A cultural syncretism and reciprocal
influence in the fields of literature, art,
music and architecture.
