Chap 12 Flashcards
Themes
1)Vijayanagar
Themes
-Facts about establishment of dynasties
ex:Saluva Narsimha put an end to
the old dynasty
- special architectural feature of particular dynasty
ex: kalyana mandapas is feature of - particular ruler & taxation system
ex: krishna deva ->tax rate on land was fixed depending on the quality of the land. - famous temples : location
ex: virupaksh
ex: Vijaya Vittala temple - first ruler of particular empire
ex: 1st rules of vijayanagar empire - who succeded whom?
ex: only imp kingdoms i.e.who was before & after krishnadeva raya
2) Bahamani
- Themes
- Important approach of kings related to religion?
ex: king called “jagadguru” for secularism - reason for end of dynasty
ex: dynasty of ahmednagar - important song compilation ; discovering new style
ex: compilation with hindu & muslim deities,saints
ex: discovering qawalli
kingdoms & their capitals in south india at the beginning of 14th century
-Yadavas of Devagiri (Western Deccan or present
Maharashtra),
-the Hoysalas of Dvarasamudra (Karnataka),
-the Kakatiyas of Warangal (eastern
part of present Telengana)
-Pandyas of Madurai (southern Tamil Nadu).
map locations of above
- https://www.mapsofindia.com/india/maps/warangal-location-map.jpg
- https://hi-static.z-dn.net/files/d68/2176ae0f29c8381ffc70871624ae0d99.jpg
- https://www.mapsofindia.com/india/maps/madurai-location-map.jpg
how was bahamani dynasty established?
-Zafar khan (incharge of devgiri ) -> declared independence from delhi -> shifted capital to gulbarga -> took title bahman shah -> established bahamani kingdom.
why bahamani kingdom & vijaynagar kingdom fought?
-to control the rich Raichur doab, and also the sea ports of Goa,Honavar, etc. on the west coast, which were the
supply points of the horses
-raichur doab is area lying between the Krishna River and its tributary, the Tungabhadra River -> states telangana & karnataka
which work gives interesting details about the Nayankara system? under which king?
- Telugu work Rayavachakamu
- Krishnadevaraya
kings of which dynasty issued a large number of gold coins? what were these coins called?important symbols on them were?
- vijayanagara kings
- were called Varaha,pon,honnu
- had the bull, the elephant and the fabulous gandaberunda (a double eagle), also kings name sometimes
meaning of tarafs? which king introduced?
-bahman shah divided the kingdom into four territorial divisions called tarafs,-> for smooth administration
title assumed by bahman shah on coins
Second Alexander
what is Turquoise?
a semi-precious stone sky blue in colour.
which was the good system of government that was followed by all the successor of bahamani sultanates as well as by the Marathas later?by whom?
- appointment of council of eight ministers of state i.e ashtapradhan mandal
- by Mohammed I the succesor of bahman shah
who built two mosques at Gulbarga
mohammed 1
Mohammed Gawan was prime minister under rule of which king
mohammad 3 of bahamani kingdom
where is mohammad gawan madarasa? what it tells of him
in Bidar, with a large library, containing 3000 manuscripts, is illustrative of his scholarship.
- writer,poet,mathematician etc
- persian by birth
- learnt use of gunpowder
governance stratergies used by mohammad gawan?
- Gawan divided the existing four provinces into eight
- put some districts of every province under direct central administration
- governors allowed to occupy only 1 fort in territory- > remaining centrally administered
- The royal officers made accountable to the Sultan for their income and expenditure
what led to weakening of bahamani kingdom?
-mohammad gawan reforms -> reduced power of provincial chiefs -> chiefs mostly deccany muslims -> already existing rivalary b/w deccani & pardesi muslim broke out -> sultan was also unhappy with mohammad gawan’s dominance -> got him executed -> foreign nobles were some of the strongest pillars of sultanate -> they started leaving sultanate after this incident.
who built goloconda fort? why was it famous? where is it located ? name of it’s entry gate?
- The Raja Krishna Dev of the Kakatiya dynasty with Warangal as capital constructed the Golkonda Fort -> gave as jagir to Kali Kutub Khan
- 17th century, Golkonda was famous as a diamond market. It gave the world some of the best-known diamonds, including the ‘Kohinoor’.
- located 11 km from hyderabad
- The Fateh Darwaza or the Victory Gate
best specimens of bahamani architecture? what was the style of architecture developed by sultans?
The Jami Masjid at Gulbarga,
the Golconda fort at Hyderabad,
Golgumbaz at Bijapur and the
Chand Minar at Bidar
style : indo-Saracenic
where were 4 independent kingdoms after collapse of bahamani? from where did Bahmani Sultan ruled as a puppet? which independent kingdom later annexed others?
- Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, Berar and Golkonda.
- Bidar
- Bijapur annexed Bidar & berar
for which purpose did bijapur,ahmadnagar & golokonda kingdom came together?
-To fight vijayanagar empire -> bahamani kingdoms won fight at Talikota or Rakshashi-Tangadi in
1565
who established of vijayanagara empire?when? what was contemporary reason?their royal insignia?
- the two brothers Harihara and Bukka, the eldest sons of one Sangama-> sangama became name of their dynasty
- around 1336
- they used to serve hoyasala king ->death of the Hoysala king Ballala III at the hands of the Madurai Sultan -> became reason
- the boar, or varahaas-> earlier used by chalukyas
what was the initial capital ? where was it moved?
Initially-> near about Anegondi on the north bank of the Tungabhadra river(tributary of krishna) -> shifted to Hoysala town Hosapattana (near Hampi) on the south bank. The capital was expanded and renamed Vijayanagara.
what is doubtful narrative about Vidyaranya (also called Madhava), a renowned Saiva saint in relation to harihar & bukka?
he have persuaded the brothers to abandon their
service to the Tughluqs and also to renounce Islam
dynasties that ruled vijayanagar empire?
the Sangama dynasty (1336–1485),
the Saluva dynasty (1485–1505),
the Tuluva dynasty (1505–1570)
Aravidu dynasty (1570–1650)
which contemporary situation led to rise of vijayanagar empire?
big south indian states of 13th cen -> pandyas, hoyasalas , kakatiyas almost destroyed by delhi sultanate (1300-1330) -> political vaccume
who was the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty?which foreign traveller mentions about him? from which country he used to receive tribute?
- Devaraya II
- Abdur Razaak, the Persian ambassador says he controlled vast area
- srilanka
which sangama king defeated the Gajapati kingdom of Orissa army in some battles?
Devaraya II
how was saluva dynasty established?
-trusted commander of sangama dynasty Saluva Narasimha -> protected areas from gajpatis -> then usurped the throne
how was tuluva dynasty established?
saluva narsimha died with young children ->He was assisted by his general and great warrior Narasa Nayak -> narasa protected the children till death -> elder son of narasa Viranarasimha established tuluva dynasty -> younger son of narasa krishnadevaraya
where is the pillar of victory at by krishnadevaraya?
Simhachalam.
which european people helped krsihnadevaraya with military aid? what did they receieved in return?
portugese
got permission to build a fort at Bhatkal
big donations by krishnadevaraya to which temples?
Srisailam, Tirupati, Kalahasti, Kanchipuram, Tiruvannamalai, Chidambaram,
who were the some great poets of his(krishnadev) court?
Allasani Peddana,
Nandi Thimmana
famous poem written by krishnadeva?
Amuktamalyada (the story of Andal)
Usha Parinayam and Jambavati Kalyanam are his famous Sanskrit works
succession fued after death of krishnadeva?
-his son was a small child brother Achyutadevaraya became king.
- Ramaraya, the son-in-law of Krishnadevaraya wanted to dominate the affairs by crowning the infant as
king.
-Achyutadevaraya was however supported by Chellappa (also known as Saluva Nayak) -> chellappa became rebel
-Achyutdevaraya dies ->nephew Sadasivaraya
succeeded him -> But real power lay in the hands of
Ramaraya-> the son-in-law
what led to The battle of Talikota (1565)?
-due to ramaraya,bahamani kingdoms used to fight with each other
-based on scenario he used to fight with or against bijapur
-bahamani kingdoms understood this divide & rule stratergy -> came together & fought at Talikota or
Rakshasi-Tangadi in January 1565 -> viainagar lost.
how was araividu dynsaty established?
Tirumala, brother of Ramaraya,
declared himself king in 1570, starting the
Aravidu, that is the fourth dynasty
what was The chief minister was known
as in sangama dynasty period
the mahapradhani
Harihara I and his immediate successors
tried to organize the territory by creating
administrative divisions,what were these divisions called?
called rajyas or provinces.
what is nayaka system of krishnadevaraya times?what are the other areas where it is also found? this revenue assignment is known as?
-nayaka is a military leader or simply
soldier
- system : assignment of revenue yielding territory in return for military service
- similar to iqta system(PYQ) of delhi empire & kakatiya kingdom(13th century)
- nayakkattanam in Tamil, Nayaktanam in Kannada, and nayankaramu.
what was the title assumed by kaval chief of rameshwaram?
Udaiyan Sethupati (meaning the Chief who was lord of bridge or causeway, as he controlled the passage between Rameswaram and Ceylon).
non-agrarian groups of vijayanagar period were generally called?
the pattadai (workshop people) or kasaya-vargam -that is- the group that pays taxes in cash
title of krishnadevaraya?
Andhra bhoja
Abhinava Bhoja.
reign is regarded as the classical phase of Telugu literature -> hence called telugu pitamaha.
who was sayana?
Sanskrit scholar -> wrote commentaries on Vedas
who was madhvacharya?
well known sanskrit scholar
who was gangadevi?what did she write?
- wife of Kampana, son of Bukka.
- wrote Maduravijayam-> describes -> conquest of Madura by her husband.
who was the greatest poet during the era, who composed the Telugu version of Kalidasa’s Shakuntalam?
Pillalamarri Pina Virabhadra Kavi.
how many great poets were present in krishnadeva’s court?what were they called?
Eight -> known as Ashtadiggajas.
Tenali raman one of them.
Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style of architecture called as?
Dravida style.
The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagara architecture were?
the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam.
Fine examples of kalyana mandapa can be seen at?
- Vellore
- Varadharajaswami and Ekamparanatha temples at Kanchipuram
- Jambukesvara temple at Thiruchirapalli.
During the period of the Vijayanagar kings, temples were built in?
Hampi, Shringeri, Tirupati, Kalahasti, Nandi, Kolar, Srishaila.
The finest temples of Vijayanagara are in which city?they have been designated as what?
- Hampi
- World Heritage City.
The important features of Vijayanagara style
of temple architecture are
- monolithic pillars,
- ornate bracelets
- decoration on the exterior side of the walls
krishnadeva founded which town in memory of his mother, Nagamba?
Nagalapura (near Vijayanagar),
most famous among temples by krishnadeva?
Vittalaswamy & Virupaksha
what is written about vittalaswamy temple?it’s features
-Fergusson “it shows the extreme limit in florid
magnificence”
-has saptaswara musical pillars(i.e.Sa,re,ga,ma wala) & the Stone Chariot
which temple is exclaimed as one of the most perfect
specimens of Hindu temple architecture in existence? by whom?
- famous Hazara temple of krishnadeva’s reign
- by Longhurst
Features of virupaksha temple?
Dasavathara & Girijakalyanam painting
Vijayanagar rulers inscribed the stories from where on the walls of the various temples?
ramayana & mahabharat