Chapter 13 - The Irish Famine, 1845-50 Flashcards
1
Q
Order of land ownership/labour?
A
- Penal laws (Catholics not allowed own land) repealed in 1839s, but in mid-1800s most of agri land still in control of around 20,000 wealthy landlords (‘Protestant Ascendancy’)
- Tenant farmers rented from landlord, some rich + had farms of 10+ acres, most great poverty (subsistence) - main crop was potato but also ate meat + veg
- Cottiers worked for tentent farmers, rented conacre (small land patch) from them - kept secret from landlord (no extra rent)
- diet relied on potato, increased by pop explosion in first half of century
- use of lazybeds common in west bc poor soil (laying potato seed along piece of turf, covering it with another layer of turf)
2
Q
Why did the spread of the blight cause widespread famine?
A
- many were v. poor + potato was staple food
- over-reliance on the potato bc highly nutritious, can be grown in small land patch + suited damp Irish climate
3
Q
Why were many evicted?
A
- paid rent in potatoes, many landlords not understanding, forced to live in hovels on side of road
4
Q
How did the British government respond to the famine?
A
- Responsible for Irish affairs since Act of Union (1801), slow reaction but made some moves to alleviate suffering
- Work schemes set up; those who had no food did hard labour building roads to earn money for food
- Workhouses set up, meant to clear roads of poor + starving (evicted/left homes for food)
- Indian maize imported to distribute on orders of PM Robert Peel, but no instructions on how to cook - people starved —> Peel’s Brimstone
5
Q
Results of the famine
A
- Population halved - around 1mil died + 3mil emigrated by 1860 (mainly to Britain + US) - ‘coffin ships’
- Emigrants faced many problems in these places - cities like Bos, NY, Glas, LPL overwhelmed by influx of starving, diseases Irish
- housing conditions poor, forced to live in slums areas like Hell’s Kitchen, NY
- discrimination also experience bc of poverty + Catholicism - Use of Irish language greatly reduced, famine worst affected West, where language had been at strongest
- Increase in political activism - many Irish angry at British response to famine, led to calls for republic + setting up of IRB
- Subdivision came to end - land left to oldest instead of divided, let to emigration of lots of younger sons for work