Chapter 12 - The Industrial + Social Revolution

Question 1

Describe the developments in farming during the Agricultural Revolution

Answer 1

1. Enclosure - open-field system ended (disease spread easily, animals could wander into plotted fields + eat crops as grew)
   - government introduced Enclosure Acts to deal with this - by end of 18th century farms were fenced in, meant farmers could practise new methods to improve quantity + quality of crops/animals produced
2. New Machinery - up to 1700s all work on farms done manually, but in 18th machines like Jethro Tull’s seed drill + Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper invented, led to more food
3. Livestock improvements - Robert Bakewell developed selective breeding practice, led to more meat (cheaper)
4. Four Field System/Crop Rotation - Viscount Charles Townshend (farmer, nobleman) developed 4FS - planted turnips + clover rather than leaving 1 field fallow like in past (actually increased fertility of soil) –> again, more food
5. These developments led to cheap food + pop explosion - many forced to migrate to city due to overpopulation + machines (workforce for industry)

Question 2

Describe the reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in England

Answer 2

1. Had huge amounts of coal + iron in areas like Wales, Yorkshire + Southern Scotland - machines made from iron, steam made by burning coal (world’s biggest mining industry)
2. Massive empire, could get cheap raw materials (cotton, rubber) from colonies + had huge markets in which to sell products
3. V. stable country w/ good banking system, education system + stable government - good place to do business
4. Had a ready-made workforce due to increase in food production
5. Produced many great inventors + engineers - incl. Isambard Kingdom Brunel (engineer, bridge builder), James Watt (rotary steam engine), George Stephenson (railway pioneer, inventor of locomotive called ‘Rocket’)

Question 3

John Kay

Answer 3

Flying shuttle, weaving, 1733

Question 4

James Hargreaves

Answer 4

Spinning Jenny, spinning, 1764

Question 5

Richard Arkwright

Answer 5

Water frame, spinning, 1769

Question 6

Samuel Crompton

Answer 6

Mule, spinning, 1779

Question 7

Edmund Cartwright

Answer 7

Power loom, weaving, 1785

Question 8

Thomas Newcomen

Answer 8

Steam engine
Produce energy by burning coal
1705

Question 9

Abraham Darby

Answer 9

Smelting iron with coke (coal dust)
Produced stronger iron
1709

Question 10

James Watt

Answer 10

Rotary steam engine
Efficient, practical engine that drained mines
1763

Question 11

Henry Cory

Answer 11

Puddling + rolling
Improved quality of iron produced
1784

Question 12

Humphrey Davy

Answer 12

The Davy lamp
Improved safety in the mines
1816

Question 13

Henry Bessemer

Answer 13

Bessemer converter
Turned iron into much stronger steel
1856

Question 14

James Brindley

Answer 14

Designed + built Bridgewater Canal between MCR + Liverpool

Cheap, efficient way of moving goods from factory to port for export

1761

Question 15

John MacAdam

Answer 15

Pressed small stones to make roads, slopes at sides prevented flooding

Made it possible for most roads to be used in winter

1800s

Question 16

Thomas Telford

Answer 16

Roads built with layers of rocks + stones
Improved quality of roads
1780s

Question 17

George Stephenson

Answer 17

The Rocket (first steam train)
Fastest mode of transport ever invented, railways built all over Britain
1829

Question 18

How did factories spread during the industrial revolution?

Answer 18

Each new development in textile industry led to bigger factories being built
This in turn led to factories needed to produce the machines
Soon everywhere producing all sorts

Question 19

What was the cottage industry?

Answer 19

When most goods were hand made, produced slowly + in v. small quantities

Question 20

Describe the evolution of the steam engine

Answer 20

1. First modern one developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1705, but unreliable + dangerous
2. James Watt produced first efficient + usable one in 1763 - designed to pump underground water out of coal mines
3. Went on to be used in many ways: powered machines in textile factories, drove engines of new locomotives + steam ships
4. In 1829 George Stephenson’s Rocket introduced, by 1860s locomotive engines huge (day trips etc.)

Question 21

Give an account of improvements in transport during the industrial revolution

Answer 21

1. Most of changes due to steam engine
2. First steam train invented by George Stephenson in 1829, the Rocket
3. By 1860s locomotives were huge, capable of pulling many carriages all over country - railways built all over country
4. This meant both goods and people could be transported quickly - workers in the cities could make day trips to new seaside resorts (B,B), goods transported to ports + markets w/ speed + efficiency
5. Steamships also invented, made sea travel much faster
6. Canals opened all over Britain (e.g. Bridgewater; MCR –> LPL), large loads of coal + iron ore could be transported by steam powered barges
7. New roads + bridges built all over country, improved by engineers like Thomas Telford
8. Turnpike trusts were privately run, good quality roads - charged toll for use

Question 22

Isambard Kingdom Brunel

Answer 22

1. Engineer + bridge builder

2. Built biggest ship world had ever seen in 1850s (Leviathan) - took over year to figure out how to launch into sea

Question 23

Describe the living conditions for workers in industrial towns

Answer 23

1. Most lived in tenement buildings in overcrowded slums - normal for whole family to live in one room
2. Sanitation was poor, no proper water supply/sewage system, led to outbreaks of diseases like smallpox, cholera + TB
3. Rarely had access to clean toilets, they were outdoors + filthy - one shared by number of families in tenement
4. No showers, bath once a month at best; food often stay; few lived past 40
5. Pollution from factories led to many British cities being covered in thick smog by mid-19th century - this had terrible effect on health
6. Poor + homeless often had to live in workhouses - parents + children separated, forced to work to pay for food + shelter, conditions awful

Question 24

How did workers demand fair treatment?

Answer 24

1. In 1830s, group of workers called Luddites began attacking factories + smashing new machines (afraid of change they’d have on their lives + lived of kids)
2. Quickly rounded up + arrested, some hanged, others transported to Australian prison colonies
3. Other workers (Chartists) drew up list of changes they wanted to see happen
4. Demands seemed simple enough: wanted all men to have right to vote, members of Parliament to be paid so poor workers could afford to stand for election + secret ballot at elections so employer wouldn’t know how workers voted
5. Eventually granted at end of 19th century after struggle with ruling classes who didn’t want changes

Question 25

Describe the efforts to improve working conditions in textile mills + coal mines in Britain during the 19th century

Answer 25

1. Often very dangerous job, lots of other problems too
2. New factory laws introduced, the Factory Acts - included:
   - no child workers under 9
   - 2 hours schooling each day for kids
   - kids of 9-13 no more than 9 hours, 13-18 no more than 12
3. Robert Owen improved lives of workers in his factory in Scotland - build good houses for workers, provided schools for children, believed in treating workers well + paying fair wage
4. New laws also brought in that banned women + children from working in mines
5. Another improvement: invention of Davy safety lamp - reduced risk of explosions

Question 26

What did Robert Owen do for his workers, and where did he do it?

Answer 26

1. When he married in 1799, moved to her home near Glasgow from Manchester
2. Appalled by awful living conditions of workers in Manchester, determined to improve things for those in New Lanark
3. Built them new houses, taught to look after homes
4. Houses had clean, unpolluted water supply - led to improvements in health among the workers, didn’t suffer from diseases like cholera + TB like workers in other areas
5. Good quality, cheap food sold, strict limits placed on sale of alcohol
6. Also first man in Britain to encourage education of poor children, responsible for setting up number of infant schools around country

Question 27

Describe the changes in public health during the industrial revolution

Answer 27

1. Lot of problems with public health during industrial revolution, many died from diseases like cholera etc.
2. Many died young bc of living + working conditions
3. Social reformer called Edwin Chadwick wrote report for government on causes of diseases - said every big town + city needed proper sewage system + clean water
4. Government forced to act, Public Health Act passed
5. This resulted in cleaner + safer cities bc sewers built + water piped
6. This led to huge improvement in health of people during I.R.

Question 28

Describe the housing + diet of people during the industrial revolution

Answer 28

1. Increase in population led to overcrowding problems
2. Some lived in tiny houses by the factory - these were poorly built, terraced back to back and had a high rent
3. Others rented single room for family in the tenement houses (slums)
4. Slept on straw - no furniture
5. No indoor toilets, one outdoor shared by everyone (up to 90), no sewers
6. No running water in houses
7. Many forced to use water from river where sewage also dumped
8. Due to this poor sanitation
   disease was major problem - dirty water causes typhoid + cholera, cold + damp living conditions led to TB/consumption
9. Poor lived close to starvation - diet of porridge, potatoes, cheese, bread (often stale + rotten)
10. Often could just afford one small meal daily, especially if big family
11. Houses cold + damp (couldn’t afford fuel)

Question 29

Describe the health + leisure of people during the industrial revolution

Answer 29

1. Health was awful, v. poor sanitation caused typhoid + cholera
2. Cold + damp living conditions caused TB/consumption
3. Pollution from burning of coal caused smog, which caused lung problems
4. Workers in textile factories suffered lung problems from breathing in tiny pieces of material all day, and got bad backs from Kensington over machines all day
5. As living + working conditions so hard + stressful, no wonder also revolution in leisure activities
6. Growth of railways led to growth of seaside resorts like Blackpool + Brighton - workers from LPL/MCR went on day trips to escape awful lives
7. Football, rugby + cricket became v. popular, clubs started (this was later when got half days on Saturdays)
8. But didn’t have much leisure time due to long hours
9. What little time they had often spent in taverns drinking to block out misery of lives - alcohol abuse v. prominent feature of every town, key factor in low life expectancy of working class
10. Bear baiting + cockfighting still popular, horse racing such as Grand National becoming popular, gambling on these