Chapter 13 - social cognition (1)

Question 1

define social psychology:

Answer 1

area of psychology that focuses on how people think about other people, interact in relationships/groups, and are affected by their relationships with others.

Question 2

What are the 3 main areas researched by social psychology?

Answer 2

1. social cognition.
2. social behavior.
3. social influence.

Question 3

social cognition:

Answer 3

how people think about others

Question 4

social behavior:

Answer 4

how people interact in individual and group relationships.

Question 5

social influence:

Answer 5

how a person/people can influence other people.

Question 6

define attribution:

Answer 6

cause of an event or behavior

ex. who caused a car accident.

Question 7

What is the difference between dispositional (internal) attributions and situational (external) attributions?

Answer 7

dispositional: attribution was self-made.
ex. I did good job bc I’m smart!
ex. John wrecked car bc he’s bad driver.

situational: attribution was environment’s doing.
ex. I did good job bc it was easy.
ex. John wrecked car bc roads were awful.

Question 8

What are actor-based attributions?

Answer 8

attribution made by yourself to yourself.

Question 9

What are observer-based attributions?

Answer 9

attribution made by yourself to anyone else.

Question 10

define attributional bias:

Answer 10

cognitive shortcut for making attributions that largely occur unconsciously.

Question 11

fundamental attribution error:

Answer 11

OBSERVER: tendency to interpret behavior as caused by internal causes.

Question 12

self-serving bias:

Answer 12

ACTOR: failures to external, successes to internal.

OBSERVER: failures to internal, successes to external.

Question 13

belief in a just world (victim blaming):

Answer 13

OBSERVER: people get what they deserve.

Question 14

What are the 3 components to attitudes? (ABC)

Answer 14

affective, behavioral, cognitive!

Question 15

(attitude) define affective:

Answer 15

one’s feelings about object or topic.

Question 16

(attitude) define behavioral:

Answer 16

how you act toward object or topic.

Question 17

(attitude) define cognitive:

Answer 17

what you believe to be true about object or topic.

Question 18

define cognitive dissonance (A-B):

Answer 18

whenever Attitudes and Behaviors are inconsistent, we’ll unconsciously alter ONE in order to be consistent, typically the attitude.

ex. racist laws and such.

Question 19

define persuasion:

Answer 19

efforts to change people’s attitudes using information.

Question 20

What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)?

Answer 20

predicts responses to attempts at persuasion by distinguishing between different routes to persuasion.

Question 21

(persuasion) central route:

Answer 21

appeal to logic and reason, uses facts.

Question 22

(persuasion) peripheral route:

Answer 22

appeal to emotion, uses attractiveness.

Question 23

What is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 23

the more familiar you are with something/someone, the more positive attitude you have towards that something/someone.

Question 24

stereotype (cognitive):

Answer 24

a belief about particular people, not necessarily negative.

Question 25

prejudice (attitude):

Answer 25

always negative; what you feel about a group of people.

Question 26

discrimination (behavioral):

Answer 26

consciously choosing to act on prejudice.

Question 27

realistic conflict theory:

Answer 27

competition over scarce resources is a reason why prejudice arises.

Question 28

social categorization:

Answer 28

automatically socially categorizing people.

Question 29

in-group:

Answer 29

favoring own group affiliations.

Question 30

out-group:

Answer 30

groups differing from your own.

Question 31

social learning theory:

Answer 31

prejudice is transmitted through culture, like parents teaching kids to hate others through observation.

Question 32

re-categorization:

Answer 32

reducing prejudice by finding common ground.

Question 33

mutual interdependence:

Answer 33

reducing prejudice by working together towards common goals.

Question 34

contant hypothesis:

Answer 34

the more you know, the less likely you’ll be prejudice.