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Psyc 305 > Chapter 13: Psychoanalysis beginnings > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Psychoanalysis beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

What was Freud’s childhood dream?

A

Mother is carried into a room and the people carrying her are extremely tall, dressed in strange clothing, with bird like faces

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2
Q

What was the superficial meaning behind Freud’s dream?

A

A little boy afraid of losing his mother

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3
Q

What was he true meaning of Freud’s dream?

A

Symbolized the sexual longing of a seven-year old boy for his mother.

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4
Q

What were the 3 great shocks to the collective human ego that Freud believed in?

A

Copernicus: Earth is not the centre of the universe
Darwin: Theory of Evolution
Freud: The influence of unconscious forces

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5
Q

What was Gottfried Wilhelm Liebnitz’ ideas on monadology?

A

Monads- individual mental elements of reality. The activity of monads create mental events. Mental events are on a continuum from conscious to unconscious.

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6
Q

What are petite perceptions?

A

Lesser degrees of consciousness.

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7
Q

What were Johann Friedrich Herbart’s ideas on the unconscious mind?

A

There is a threshold of consciousness. Conflict develops among ideas as they struggle for conscious realization. Some ideas are below the threshold (unconscious). Ideas above are apperceived.

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8
Q

What were Fechner’s ideas on the unconscious mind?

A

Also believed in the threshold idea. First to suggest that the mind is analogous to an iceberg (great impact on Freud).

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9
Q

How did the Greeks treat mental illness?

A

Mental illnesses arose from disordered thought processes. Used persuasive healing powers of words.

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10
Q

How did Christianity treat mental illness?

A

Blamed evil spirits; treated mental illness with severe punishment.

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11
Q

How did 18th century people treat mental illness?

A

Viewed as an irrational behavior, treated through institutionalization.

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12
Q

How did Philippe Pinel treat mental illness?

A

French physician who released patients from chains, listened to them and took case-histories on cure rates. Cured patients increased.

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13
Q

How did Dorothea Dix treat mental illness?

A

Deeply religious, lived with depression. Inspired by Pinel. Advocated for the humanitarian treatment of the mentally ill. Influential in improving conditions for wounded Union soldiers during the civil war.

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14
Q

Who was the first psychiatrist with a practice in the US and who developed the first hospital for those with mental illness?

A

Benjamin Rush

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15
Q

What did Benjamin Rush believe mental illness was?

A

Too much or too little blood- solution is to drain or pump more in.

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16
Q

What were some of Rush’s contraptions designed to treat mental illness?

A

Rotating chair, ice water, tranquilizer chair.

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17
Q

What were the two camps that psychiatrists were divided into?

A

Somatic and psychic

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18
Q

What is a somatic psychiatrist?

A

Mental illness has a physical cause- brain lesions, too much blood.

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19
Q

What is a psychic psychiatrist?

A

Emotional and psychological explanations for mental illness.

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20
Q

What was the Emmanuel Church Healing Movement?

A

Developed by Elwood Worcester (who did a PhD with Wundt). Focused on applied psychology. Offered talk therapy sessions for the mentally ill and relied heavily on moral authority and power of suggestion.

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21
Q

Who was the father of hypnosis?

A

Franz Anton Mesmer.

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22
Q

How did Mesmer do hypnosis?

A

Believed humans have a magentic field that can be manipulated with magnets. Could cure nervous disorders by restoring equilibrium.

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23
Q

Who is one of the most well known and respected neuropsychologist?

A

Jean Martin Charcot

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24
Q

What was Jean Martin Charcot’s speciality?

A

Treating hysteria- advocated that it was psychological in nature. Believed hypnosis offered the cure. Psychotherapy.

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25
How was Freud influenced by Darwin?
``` Darwins writings included: unconscious mental processes and conflicts significance of dreams hidden symbolism of certain behaviours importance of sexual arousal ```
26
What theory of Freud's was influenced by Darwin?
Child development.
27
What was the Zeitgeist of 19th century Vienna?
Culture became more permissive towards sex (more open sexuality). Sexologists began to study human sexual experience.
28
What is catharsis?
Process of reducing or eliminating a complex by recalling it to consciousness awareness and allowing it to be expressed.
29
Who did catharsis originate with?
Aristotle.
30
What did Wundt believe about dreaming?
How external stimuli invaded consciousness during sleep.
31
What did Charcot believe about dreaming?
Trauma from hysteria is revealed in dreams.
32
What did Krafft-Ebing believe about dreams?
Unconscious sexual wishes
33
What did Calkin's do with dreams?
Analyzed the content.
34
What did Freud do with dreams?
Took all these ideas and put them into a coherent whole.
35
How did anti-semitism affect Freud?
Jewish students only permitted to study law or medicine.
36
Why did Freud use cocaine?
It was legal and easy to find. Saw it as a miracle drug that could treat depression and physical ailments.
37
Who was Carl Koller?
Colleague of Freud who became famous after the discovery of the anesthetic properties of cocaine.
38
What was Freud's relationship with cigars?
Smoked on average 20 per day, attempted to quit but never did. Got jaw cancer, still smoked for another 16 years.
39
Who was Josef Breuer?
Another student of Brucke, older than Freud. Discovered semicircular canals and balance. Freud credited him for creating psychoanalysis.
40
What is hysteria?
A patient has physical symptoms with no clear physical cause. Often neurological in appearance.
41
Who was Anna O?
A patient of Breuer. Presented with paralysis in both legs, one arm, speech disturbances and dissociative states. Breuer hypnotized her and had her recall the first appearance of symptoms (had been keeping vigil for her dying father). Attempted to trace back the symptoms to events in her past. Began to refer to the talking cure.
42
What is the idea of transference (Anna O)
Began transferring the love for her father onto Breuer who's wife became jealous. Caused a threat to their sessions, ceased them, and then Anna relapsed.
43
What ended up happening to Anna O?
Institutionalized after Breuer ended their sessions. Became addicted to morphne to deal with physical pain. Did later recover and become a social worker, published stories on women's rights, then died after being interrogated by Nazis.
44
What were the 1895 studies on hysteria?
Freud was convinced that sex was the sole cause of neurotic behavior. Breuer disagreed with this and this resulted in the end of their friendship. Formal beginning of psychoanalysis.
45
Who was Rudolph Chrobak?
A gynecologist in Vienna- women had debilitating anxiety, married 18 years with no sexual relations to husband. Freud suggested that Chrobak told him it was sex.
46
What methods did Freud adopt to treat his patients?
Breuers methods of hypnosis and catharsis and Charcot's use of hypnosis. However, Freud found it difficult to hypnotize neurotic patients and then stopped using it altogether.
47
What is the idea of free association?
A therapeutic technique where the patient says whatever comes to mind.
48
What did Freud notice during his free association sessions?
A large percentage of topics were from childhood and were repressed memories of physical and sexual abuse.
49
What is the childhood seduction theory?
Freud believed most of his women patients reported traumatic sexual experiences in childhood, often involving family members.
50
What did Freud write about in the Aetiology of Hysteria?
Argued that symptoms were a result of sexual abuse. Ebing called it a scientific fairytale.
51
What are the 3 parts of Freud's dynamic model of consciousness?
1. Conscious system 2. Preconscious system 3. Unconscious system
52
What is the conscious system?
All the thoughts we are aware of
53
What is the preconscious system?
All the thoughts we are not presently aware of but could become aware of
54
What is the unconscious system?
Thoughts you are not aware of. Does not have access to conscious system.. Repressed thoughts are censored and do not have access to preconscious. Material can move from unconscious to preconscios through dreams.
55
What is dream analysis?
A psychotherapeutic technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflict.
56
What became the basis for Freud's theories?
Exploration of his own unconscious through dreams.
57
What was the dominant theme of Freud's dreams?
Ambition
58
What is the manifest content of dreams?
What the dream seems to be about, and what is experienced by the dreamer
59
What is the latent content of a dream?
What a dream is truly about. Discovered through analysis by the analyst.
60
What is wish fulfillment?
Symbolic expressions of wishes without anxiety or waking
61
What was Freud's dream work?
An attempt to help a patient understand the latent content of the dream. Removing the disguise of the manifest content.
62
What is condensation?
An element of a dream that symbolizes several things in a person's life.
63
What is displacement?
An anxiety producing topic is replaced by a symbol.
64
What is Freudian slip?
An act of forgetting or lapse in speech that reflects unconscious motives or anxieties. Unconscious ideas struggling for expression affect our thoughts and actions
65
What was the goal of therapy according to Freud?
To wean patients from the childlike dependancy on the therapist and help them assume an adult role in their lives. Primary concern not to cure, but to explain the dynamics of human behavior
66
What is the idea of resistance?
Blockage or refusal to disclose painful memories during free-association.
67
What is the idea of repression?
Ejecting ideas, memories, and desires from the conscious into the unconscious. Analyst must help patient put them back.
68
What were Freud's ideas on personality?
Instincts as the motivating forces of personality (not inherited)
69
What are instincts according to Freud?
Mental representations of internal stimuli like hunger that motivate personality and behavior.
70
What is the life instinct (Eros)
Drive for ensuring the survival of the individual and the species by satisfying primary needs. Leads to a tendency to build things up.
71
What is libido?
The psychic energy that drives a person toward pleasure.
72
What is the death instinct (thanatos)
Leads to a tendency to tear things down, unconscious drive towards decay, destruction, and aggression. Directed inward would result in suicide, and outward resulted in aggression.
73
What are the 3 structural components of personality?
Id, Ego, and Superego
74
What is the Id?
Resides in the unconscious, dark and inaccesible. Pleasure principle (reducing tension through seeking pleasure/reducing pain). Libido creates an uncomfortable state of tension
75
What is the Ego?
Mediator between Id and Superego. Thinking level of personality. Ego is keenly aware of reality and expectations of society. Postpones Id's gratification.
76
What is the Superego?
Representation of morality. Develps early in life via reward and punishment from parents. Punished behaviors become part of the superego and rewarded one's become part of the ego. Superego attempts to inhibit Id.
77
What happens if you have a stressed out ego?
Anxiety
78
What does anxiety function as according to Freud?
A warning that the ego is being threatened.
79
What are defense mechanisms?
Behaviors that represent unconscious denials or distortions of reality but which are adopted to protect the ego against anxiety
80
What is denial?
Denying the existence of a threat or trauma
81
What is displacement?
Shifting impulses from an unavailable object to an available one
82
What is projection?
Attributing a disturbing impulse to someone instead of yourself
83
What is rationalization?
Reinterpreting the behavior to make it more acceptable or less threatening
84
What is reaction formation?
Expressing an Id impulse that is the opposite of the impulse actually driving the person
85
What is regression?
Retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying childish/dependence behaviors
86
What is repression?
Burying the existence of something that is causing anxiety
87
What is sublimation?
Diverting Id impulses into energy that is more socially acceptable.
88
What is the idea behind the psychosexual stages?
Developmental stages of childhood focused on erogenous zones.
89
What are the 5 psychosexual stages?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.
90
What is the psychological theme of the oral phase and what does it say about adult character?
Dependence on caregiver, will result in an oral personality (smoking, eating, nail chewing)
91
What is the psychological theme of the anal stage and what does the adult character manifest as?
Control of one's own body. Anal-expulsive: dirty, wasteful. Anal-retentive: excessively neat.
92
What is the psychological theme of the phallic stage and what does this say about adult character?
Oedipus complex, identification. Development of morality as an adult.
93
What is the psychological theme of the latency period?
Building relationships, focused on interests.
94
What is the psychological theme of the genital phase and what does this say about adult character?
Sexual relationships and marriage, normal work and love life.
95
How was Freud influenced by mechanistic ideas?
All mental events, even dreams, are predetermined. Nothing occurs by chance or free will.
96
Why did psychology not like psychoanalysis?
Thought it was inferior to experimentation.
97
When did psychoanalysis capture the publics attention?
1930s-40s.
98
Which of Freud's ideas have scientific validity?
Characteristics for oral and anal personality types Castration anxiety Notion that dreams represent emotional concerns Some aspects of Oedipus complex (rivalry with Father)
99
Which of Freud's ideas weren't supported?
``` Symbolism of dreams Oedipus complex and male identification with father Women's issues with body image Identity and superego Personality formation by age 5 ```
100
What are some of the criticisms of psychoanalysis?
Conclusions drawn from case studies. Data collection unsystematic and uncontrolled. Freud may have used suggestion to elicit or implant memories. Small, unrepresentative samples.
101
What are some of the contributions of psychoanalysis?
Impact on popular culture and academic psych, lead psych to revise thinking about the contributing factors to mental illness.

Psyc 305 (10 decks)

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