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CCAC Pharmacology > Chapter 13 Principles of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

The early phase of cardiac repolarization, during which the heart muscle cannot be stimulated to depolarize;
also known as the effective refractory period.

A

absolute refractory period (ARP)

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2
Q

The process by which the molecules of a substance are moved from the site of entry or administration into
systemic circulation; in allergic reactions, movement of a foreign material into the skin. In the context of
decontamination, use of large pads to soak up liquid and remove it from the patient.

A

absorption

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3
Q

An enzyme found in the central nervous system, in red blood cells, and in motor endplates of skeletal
muscle that causes the decomposition of acetylcholine.

A

acetylchollnesterase

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4
Q

Medications that have undergone biotransformation and are able to alter a cellular process or body function.

A

active metabolites

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5
Q

A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges,
usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy.

A

active transport

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6
Q

Abnormal or harmful effects to an organism caused by exposure to a chemical; indicated by some result
such as death, a change in food or water consumption, altered body and organ weights, altered enzyme
levels, or visible illness.

A

adverse effects

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7
Q

The ability of a medication to bind with a particular receptor site.

A

affinity

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8
Q

A group of medications that initiates or alters a cellular activity by attaching to receptor sites, prompting a
cellular response.

A

agonist medications

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9
Q

The state of being insensible to pain while still conscious.

A

analgesia

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10
Q

An extreme systemic form of an allergic reaction involving one, two, or more body systems.

A

anaphylaxis

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11
Q

A medication that causes the inability to feel sensation.

A

anesthetic

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12
Q

A group of medications that prevent endogenous or exogenous agonist chemicals from reaching cell
receptor sites and initiating or altering a particular cellular activity.

A

antagonist medications

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13
Q

Medications used to fight infection by killing the microorganisms or preventing their multiplication to allow
the body’s immune system to overcome them.

A

Antibiotics

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14
Q

Medications used to treat fungal infections.

A

antifungals

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15
Q

Medications used to kill or suppress the growth of microorganisms.

A

antimicrobials

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16
Q

Ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to initiate an electrical impulse spontaneously without being stimulated
from another source (such as a nerve).

A

Automaticity

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17
Q

The percentage of the unchanged medication that reaches systemic circulation.

A

bioavailability

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18
Q

A process with four possible effects on a medication absorbed into the body (1) An inactive substance can
become active, capable of producing desired or unwanted clinical effects. (2) An active medication can be
changed into another active medication. (3) An active medication may be completely or partially inactivated.
(4) A medication is transformed into a substance (active or inactive) that is easier for the body to eliminate.

A

biotransformation

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19
Q

Narrowing of the bronchial tubes.

A

bronchoconstriction

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20
Q

Widening of the bronchial tubes.

A

bronchodilation

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21
Q

Medications that bind with heavy metals in the body and create a compound that can be eliminated; used in
cases of ingestion or poisoning.

A

chelating agents

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22
Q

Having the characteristics of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system; also refers to
other structures or functions that are related to acetylcholine.

A

cholinergic

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23
Q

Medications that temporarily bind with cellular receptor sites, displacing agonist chemicals.

A

chcompetitive antagonistsolinergic

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24
Q

A term used to describe paralytic agents that act at the neuromuscular junction by binding with nicotinic
receptors on muscles, causing fasciculations and preventing additional activation by acetylcholine.

A

competitive depolarizing

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25
Q

Any conditions, especially any diseases, that render some particular line of treatment improper or
undesirable.

A

contraindications

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26
Q

A process in which repeated exposure to a medication within a particular class causes a tolerance that may
be “transferred” to other medications in the same class.

A

cross-tolerance

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27
Q

Several smaller doses of a particular medication capable of producing the same clinical effects as a single
larger dose of that same medication.

A

cumulative action

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28
Q

A hemoprotein involved in the detoxification of many drugs.

A

cytochrome P-450 system

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29
Q

The physical, behavioral, or emotional need for a medication or chemical to maintain “normal” physiologic
function.

A

Dependence

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30
Q

In response to an action potential, the rapid movement of electrolytes across a cell membrane that changes
the overall charge of the cell. This rapid shifting of electrolytes and cellular charges is the main catalyst for
muscle contractions and neural transmissions.

A

depolarization

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31
Q

A chemical or medication that decreases the performance of the central nervous system or sympathetic
nervous system.

A

depressant

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32
Q

Drugs used in the treatment of heart failure and certain atrial dysrhythmias.

A

digitalis preparations

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33
Q

The movement and transportation of a medication throughout the bloodstream to tissues and cells and,
ultimately, to its target receptor.

A

distribution

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34
Q

A chemical that increases urinary output.

A

diuretic

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35
Q

A graphic illustration of the response of a drug according to the dose administered.

A

dose-response curve

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36
Q

The specified amount of a medication to be given at specific intervals.

A

dosing

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37
Q

The process in which a mechanism reducing available cell receptors for a particular medication results in
tolerance.

A

down-regulation

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38
Q

A substance that has some therapeutic effect (such as reducing inflammation, fighting bacteria, or producing
euphoria) when given in the appropriate circumstances and in the appropriate dose.

A

drug

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39
Q

The grouping to which a medication belongs. Medications are grouped according to their characteristics,
traits, or primary components.

A

drug class

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40
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the time a medication concentration can be expected to remain above the
minimum level needed to provide the intended action.

A

duration (of action)

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41
Q

Pertaining to voluntary muscle movements that are distorted or impaired because of abnormal muscle tone.

A

dystonic

42
Q

Sites of generation of electrical impulses other than normal pacemaker cells.

A

ectopic foci

43
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the ability of a medication to produce the desired effect.

A

efficacy

44
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the removal of a medication or its by-products from the body.

A

elimination

45
Q

Originating from within the organism (body).

A

endogenous

46
Q

Originating outside the organism (body).

A

exogenous

47
Q

Seepage of blood and medication into the tissue surrounding the blood vessel.

A

extravasation

48
Q

The process of medication molecules binding with carrier proteins when no energy is expended.

A

facilitated diffusion

49
Q

Brief, uncoordinated twitching of small muscle groups in the face, neck, trunk, and extremities; may be seen
after the administration of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (eg, succinylcholine chloride).

A

fasciculations

50
Q

The movement of fluid from intravascular fluid under high pressure to interstitial fluid, which is generally
under lower pressure.

A

filtration

51
Q

The process in which the rate of elimination is directly influenced by plasma levels of a substance.

A

first-order elimination

52
Q

The alteration of a medication via metabolism within the gastrointestinal tract before it reaches systemic
circulation.

A

first-pass effect

53
Q

A physical tolerance to the therapeutic and adverse clinical effects of a medication or chemical.

A

habituation

54
Q

The time needed in an average person for metabolism or elimination of 50% of a substance in the plasma.

A

half-life

55
Q

A measure of the relative percentage of blood cells (mainly erythrocytes) in a given volume of whole blood.

A

hematocrit

56
Q

The destruction of red blood cells by disruption of the cell membrane.

A

hemolysis

57
Q

Attracted to water molecules.

A

hydrophilic

58
Q

In a pharmacologic context, abnormal susceptibility to a medication, possibly due to genetic traits or
dysfunction of a metabolic enzyme, that is peculiar to an individual patient (and usually unexplained).

A

idiosyncratic

59
Q

Medications that have undergone biotransformation and are no longer able to alter a cell process or body
function; not pharmacologically active.

A

inactive metabolites

60
Q

A circumstance that points to or shows the cause, pathology, treatment, or issue of an attack of disease;
that which points out; that which serves as a guide or warning.

A

indication

61
Q

A situation in which one medication or chemical taken by a patient undermines the effectiveness of another
medication taken by or administered to a patient.

A

interterence

62
Q

Attracted to fats and lipids.

A

lipophilic

63
Q

The way in which a medication produces the intended response.

A

mechanism of action

64
Q

The weight-based dose of a medication that was effective in 50% of the humans and animals tested.

A

median effective dose (ED50)

65
Q

The weight-based dose of a medication that caused death in 50% of the animals tested.

A

median lethal dose (LD50)

66
Q

The weight-based dose of a medication that demonstrated toxicity in 50% of the animals tested.

A

median toxic dose (TD50)

67
Q

A substance used to treat an illness or condition.

A

medication

68
Q

A document that gives detailed information about drugs, such as their indications and uses, dosing
information, precautions, contraindications, and adverse effects.

A

medication monograph

69
Q

A mild to severe reaction after the first exposure to a medication or other substance, which often features
many of the same signs and symptoms as an immune-mediated reaction.

A

medication sensitivity

70
Q

Medications that permanently bind with receptor sites and prevent activation by agonist chemicals.

A

noncompetitive antagonists

71
Q

A term used to describe drugs that produce muscle relaxation by interfering with impulses between the
nerve ending and the muscle receptor.

A

nondepolarizing

72
Q

Uncharged.

A

nonionic

73
Q

The time needed for the concentration of the medication at the target tissue to reach the minimum effective
level.

A

onset

74
Q

A fall in blood pressure when changing to a standing position.

A

orthostatic hypotension

75
Q

The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high
concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both
sides of the membrane.

A

osmosis

76
Q

Characterized by the movement of a solvent, such as water, across a semipermeable membrane (eg, the cell
wall) from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher concentration.

A

osmotic

77
Q

Opposite from expected.

A

paradoxical

78
Q

A chemical that binds to the receptor site but does not initiate as much cellular activity or change as other
agonists do; lowers the efficacy of other agonist chemicals present at the cells.

A

partial agonist

79
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the point of maximum effect of a drug.

A

peak

80
Q

The biochemical and physiologic effects and mechanism of action of a medication in the body.

A

pharmacodynamics

81
Q

The activity of medications in the body over time, such as absorption, distribution, and elimination.

A

pharmacokinetics

82
Q

The scientific study of how various substances interact with or alter the function of living organisms.

A

pharmacology

83
Q

A form of endocytosis in which the cell membrane sinks inward and ingests droplets of extracellular fluid.

A

pinocytosis

84
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the positive and negative effects of an inactive medication on a person that are
related to the person’s expectations and other factors.

A

placebo effect

85
Q

A process in which medication molecules temporarily attach to proteins in the blood plasma, significantly
altering medication distribution in the body.

A

plasma protein binding

86
Q

The relationship between the desired response of a medication and the dose required to achieve the
response.

A

potency

87
Q

A specialized area in tissues that initiates certain actions after specific stimulation.

A

receptor

88
Q

The portion of the cardiac action potential that extends from the middle of phase 3 to the beginning of
phase 4; during this time, the heart muscle has been partially repolarized and may depolarize in response to
an electrical stimulus.

A

relative refractory period (RRP)

89
Q

A severe, possibly fatal reaction that mimics a burn; may be due to a medication.

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

90
Q

A medication or chemical that temporarily enhances central nervous system and sympathetic nervous
system functioning.

A

stimulant

91
Q

Medications administered to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

A

sympathomimetics

92
Q

A condition in which repeated doses of medication within a short period rapidly cause tolerance, making the
medication virtually ineffective.

A

tachyphylaxis

93
Q

The relationship between the median effective dose and the median lethal dose or median toxic dose; also
known as the therapeutic ratio.

A

therapeutic index

94
Q

In a pharmacologic context, the concentration of medication at which initiation or alteration of cellular
activity begins.

A

threshold level

95
Q

Physiologic adaptation to the effects of a drug such that increasingly larger doses of the drug are required to
achieve the same effect.

A

tolerance

96
Q

Clinical changes caused by a medication that cause harm or discomfort to a patient; also known as adverse
effects.

A

untoward effects

97
Q

Narrowing of the diameter of a blood vessel.

A

vasoconstriction

98
Q

Widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.

A

vasodilation

99
Q

A classification scheme for medications based on the mechanism of action rather than on specific medication
groups.

A

Vaughan-Williams classification

100
Q

The extent to which a medication will spread within the body.

A

volume of distribution

101
Q

A property that indicates a material can be dissolved in water.

A

water soluble

102
Q

A process in which a fixed amount of a substance is removed during a certain period, regardless of the total
amount in the body.

A

zero-order elimination

CCAC Pharmacology (12 decks)

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