CHAPTER 13: Leadership

Question 1

_____ is a social process through which an individual intentionally exerts influence over others to structure their behaviors and relationships.

A)Requisition
B)Power
C)Leadership
D)Confabulation

Answer 1

C)Leadership

Question 2

If a leader is able to influence his or her work group to produce successful, long-term performance, that leader is:

A)ubiquitous.
B)invitational.
C)formal.
D)effective.

Answer 2

D)effective.

Question 3

If someone described Bonita as an “effective leader,” they would probably mean that she:

A)has elicited successful performances from her team members.
B)has a high degree of reward power.
C)is disliked by her followers.
D)forces her team members to do things they don’t want to do

Answer 3

A)has elicited successful performances from her team members.

Question 4

An individual’s potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of others is referred to as:

A)suggestion.
B)power.
C)isolation.
D)aggression.

Answer 4

B)power.

Question 5

According to French and Raven (1958), which of these is NOT a base of power?

A)coercive power
B)authoritarian power
C)reward power
D)legitimate power

Answer 5

B)authoritarian power

Question 6

Sheila’s company has promoted her to the position of Senior Vice President of Accounting. Sheila possesses a(n):

A)expert base of power.
B)referent base of power.
C)reward base of power.
D)legitimate base of power.

Answer 6

D)legitimate base of power.

Question 7

_____ theories focus on identifying what leaders actually do, in the hope that this approach will provide a better understanding of leadership processes.

a. Contingency
b. Behavior
c. Trait
d. Cognitive

Answer 7

b. Behavior

Question 8

Harold is the only employee in his restaurant who knows the secret recipe for its famous prize-winning apple pie. Harold has likely gained:

A)referent power.
B)legitimate power.
C)reward power.
D)expert power.

Answer 8

D)expert power.

Question 9

Hazel gets her subordinates to obey her by yelling at them and threatening to fire them. Many of them have been written up for minor infractions, and most are afraid of her. In this case, we might argue that Hazel has:

A)legitimate power.
B)reward power.
C)coercive power.
D)referent power.

Answer 9

C)coercive power.

Question 10

Latrice is well-liked and respected by her colleagues. Even though she is not a supervisor, her colleagues often do what she suggests because she is so admired. In this case, we might say that Latrice has:

A)legitimate power.
B)reward power.
C)coercive power.
D)referent power.

Answer 10

D)referent power.

Question 11

Which leadership theory focuses on identifying the individual characteristics that make people good leaders?

A)contemporary
B)behavioral
C)trait
D)contingency

Answer 11

C)trait

Question 12

In the 1950s, research on leadership was:

A)mostly based on theory and previous research.
B)largely based on commonsense notions of leadership and social interactions.
C)focused on the situation in which leadership takes place.
D)focused on behaviors that leaders actually perform.

Answer 12

B)largely based on commonsense notions of leadership and social interactions

Question 13

Which trait was NOT studied by early trait theorists?

A)intelligence
B)gender
C)decision-making
D)need for power

Answer 13

C)decision-making

Question 14

Recent research suggests that extraversion and _____ are related to the emergence of a leader.

A)agreeableness
B)emotional stability
C)conscientiousness
D)openness to experience

Answer 14

C)conscientiousness

Question 15

Recent research suggests that conscientiousness and _____ are related to the emergence of a leader.

A)agreeableness
B)extraversion
C)emotional stability
D)openness to experience

Answer 15

B)extraversion

Question 16

Research by Hendricks and Payne (2007) found that Big Five characteristics affect motivational constructs like _____, which in turn impact(s) leadership effectiveness.

A)corporate partnerships
B)leadership self-efficacy
C)traits
D)leader-member exchange

Answer 16

B)leadership self-efficacy

Question 17

A small group of employees is working to solve a budgetary problem. To identify who might emerge as the leader of the group, one may want to examine each employee’s:

A)aggression.
B)physical energy.
C)behavioral flexibility.
D)goal orientation.

Answer 17

C)behavioral flexibility.

Question 18

After the 1950s, interest in leader traits disappeared. Leadership researchers then turned their attention to:

A)leader behaviors.
B)leader-member exchanges.
C)situational variables.
D)implicit leadership.

Answer 18

A)leader behaviors.

Question 19

The Iowa studies, led by Kurt Lewin, examined all of the following leadership styles EXCEPT:

A)laissez-faire.
B)democratic.
C)authoritarian.
D)consideration.

Answer 19

D)consideration.

Question 20

Based on the Ohio State studies, the dimension of leadership behavior that relates to the extent to which leaders define their roles and their subordinates’ roles in achieving group goals is the:

A)initiating-structure behavior.
B)consideration behavior.
C)control behavior.
D)contingency behavior.

Answer 20

A)initiating-structure behavior.

Question 21

_____ is an example of a leader behavior that would be characterized as consideration.

A)Planning ahead for future assignments
B)Emphasizing participative decision-making
C)Assigning specific tasks to subordinates
D)Defining work procedures

Answer 21

B)Emphasizing participative decision-making

Question 22

Joely is a leader who spends a great deal of time supporting and encouraging her employees. She tends to spend very little time, however, scheduling tasks and defining roles for them. Joely is _____ on the initiating structure dimension and _____ on the consideration dimension.

A)high; high
B)low; low
C)high; low
D)low; high

Answer 22

D)low; high

Question 23

Brandon is a leader who spends a great deal of time organizing tasks and schedules for his subordinates. He tends to spend very little time, however, supporting and encouraging them. Brandon is _____ on the initiating-structure dimension of behavior and _____ on the consideration dimension of behavior.

A)high; low
B)low; high
C)high; high
D)low; low

Answer 23

A)high; low

Question 24

Anita is a leader who spends time organizing tasks for her subordinates, yet she also takes the time to support and encourage them. Anita is _____ in initiating structure and _____ in consideration.

A)low; high
B)high; low
C)low; low
D)high; high

Answer 24

D)high; high

Question 25

According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), “Tries out his or her ideas in the group” and “Decides what shall be done and how it will be done” are statements that measure:

A)leadership self-efficacy.
B)behavioral flexibility.
C)initiating structure.
D)consideration.

Answer 25

C)initiating structure.

Question 26

According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), which behavioral phrase refers to a leader’s consideration?

A)The leader lets group members know what is expected of them.
B)The leader schedules the work to be done.
C)The leader is willing to make changes.
D)The leader encourages the use of uniform procedures.

Answer 26

C)The leader is willing to make changes.

Question 27

In general, which statement BEST summarizes research on leader behaviors?

A)Both initiating structure and consideration are important behaviors, but findings on how they affect performance have been inconsistent.
B)Research shows that consideration is more important than initiating structure for leadership effectiveness.
C)Research shows that initiating structure is more important than consideration for leadership effectiveness.
D)Researchers have concluded that discussing leader behaviors is not particularly useful in applied settings.

Answer 27

A)Both initiating structure and consideration are important behaviors, but findings on how they affect performance have been inconsistent.

Question 28

The leadership theories that formally take into account situational and contextual variables are referred to as:

A)behavior theories.
B)trait theories.
C)contemporary theories.
D)contingency theories.

Answer 28

D)contingency theories.

Question 29

The first theory to consider how leader characteristics might interact with situational variables to determine leader effectiveness was:

A)House’s path-goal theory.
B)Fiedler’s contingency theory.
C)Bass’s transformational leadership theory.
D)Stogdill’s great man/great woman theory.

Answer 29

B)Fiedler’s contingency theory

Question 30

According to Fiedler, a favorable situation for leadership is defined by three dimensions that include:

A)positive relationships with subordinates, well-defined tasks, and decision-making power.
B)directive, need-oriented, and supportive behaviors.
C)need for achievement, self-esteem, and task structure.
D)subordinate satisfaction, effort, and performance.

Answer 30

A)positive relationships with subordinates, well-defined tasks, and decision-making power.

Question 31

According to Fiedler, relationship-oriented leaders are best in situations of:

A)very high control.
B)moderate control.
C)very low control.
D)either very high or very low control.

Answer 31

B)moderate control.

Question 32

According to Fiedler, it is best to have task-oriented leaders when a situation has:

A)only very high control.
B)moderate control.
C)only very low control.
D)either very high or very low control.

Answer 32

D)either very high or very low control.

Question 33

According to Fiedler, the extent to which a leader perceives he or she has control of a circumstance is known as:

A)task structure.
B)situational favorability.
C)contextual structure.
D)directive behaviors.

Answer 33

B)situational favorability.

Question 34

Allen is completing a questionnaire that requires him to describe the single worst colleague has ever encountered and to evaluate him or her on a scale of bipolar adjectives (e.g., pleasant-unpleasant, friendly-unfriendly). Allen is likely completing the:

A)Leadership Opinion Questionnaire.
B)Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire.
C)Leader-Member Exchange Survey.
D)Least Preferred Coworker Scale.

Answer 34

D)Least Preferred Coworker Scale.

Question 35

According to House’s (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that involve mentoring, guidance, and coaching are known as:

A)instrumental leader behaviors.
B)developmental leader behaviors.
C)participative leader behaviors.
D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors.

Answer 35

C)participative leader behaviors.

Question 36

According to House’s (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that stress subordinates’ personal accomplishments and encourage excellent performance are known as:

A)supportive leader behaviors.
B)directive leader behaviors.
C)participative leader behaviors.
D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors.

Answer 36

D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors

Question 37

According to House’s (1971) path-goal theory, leader behaviors that stress subordinates’ personal accomplishments and encourage excellent performance are known as:

A)supportive leader behaviors.
B)directive leader behaviors.
C)participative leader behaviors.
D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors.

Answer 37

B)directive leader behaviors.

Question 38

House’s (1996) concept of _____ is quite similar to initiating-structure behaviors.

A)directive leader behaviors
B)supportive leader behaviors
C)achievement-oriented leader behaviors
D)participative leader behaviors

Answer 38

A)directive leader behaviors

Question 39

House’s (1996) concept of _____ is quite similar to consideration behaviors.

A)directive leader behaviors
B)participative leader behaviors
C)supportive leader behaviors
D)achievement-oriented leader behaviors

Answer 39

C)supportive leader behaviors

Question 40

_____ focuses on the reciprocal relationships between subordinates and leaders.

A)Path-goal theory
B)Leader-member exchange theory
C)Contingency theory
D)Transactional leadership theory

Answer 40

B)Leader-member exchange theory

Question 41

According to leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which of these is characteristic of in-group subordinates’ relationships with their leaders?

A)mutual trust
B)unshared responsibility
C)competition
D)task-oriented treatment

Answer 41

A)mutual trust

Question 42

One of the main differences between leader-member exchange (LMX) theory and behavior-based theories is that LMX theory:

A)suggests that leaders treat subordinates differently from one another.
B)suggests that playing favorites can improve group performance.
C)is not concerned with task-related behaviors.
D)appears to be unrelated to any meaningful outcomes.

Answer 42

A)suggests that leaders treat subordinates differently from one another.

Question 43

According to research on leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which statement is false?

A)Positive LMX relationships are related to favorable performance ratings.
B)LMX relationship quality is significantly related to job satisfaction.
C)LMX relationship quality is unrelated to turnover intentions.
D)Employees in favorable LMX relationships are more likely to accept organizational change.

Answer 43

C)LMX relationship quality is unrelated to turnover intentions.

Question 44

Recent findings suggest that perceptions of leader-member exchange (LMX) variability can lead to lower levels of satisfaction and well-being when:

A)the leader is female.
B)members of a group communicate frequently.
C)some members of a team telecommute.
D)there is high variability within a work group.

Answer 44

D)there is high variability within a work group.

Question 45

Nishii and Mayer (2009) found that LMX differentiation:

A)led to higher performance in the long run.
B)led to lower satisfaction.
C)led to status differences within a team.
D)indicated that leaders did not know much about their team members.

Answer 45

A)led to higher performance in the long run.

Question 46

The theory that views leadership as the outcome of a perceptual process involving both leaders and subordinates is:

A)leader-member exchange theory.
B)path-goal theory.
C)transformational leadership theory.
D)implicit leadership theory.

Answer 46

D)implicit leadership theory.

Question 47

According to implicit leadership theory, one’s mental representation of a leader is known as a:

A)role model.
B)prototype.
C)cognition.
D)model.

Answer 47

B)prototype.

Question 48

Marta believes that a leader is someone who is charismatic, encouraging, and forceful. In this case, one might call this concept of a leader a:

A)role model.
B)falsehood.
C)prototype.
D)prejudice.

Answer 48

C)prototype.

Question 49

According to implicit leadership theory (ILT), leadership effectiveness may be:

A)more about subordinates’ perceptions than about leaders’ actions.
B)based on leaders’ traits and behaviors.
C)increased when there is a discrepancy between subordinates’ and leaders’ ILTs.
D)derived from high-quality relationships with subordinates.

Answer 49

A)more about subordinates’ perceptions than about leaders’ actions.

Question 50

Mila thinks her boss, Elliot, is a very effective leader. When Mila is asked whether Elliot is collegial and professional with his peers, she says yes, even though she’s never actually observed Elliot around his peers. This issue is most relevant to which theory of leadership?

A)leader-member exchange theory
B)transformational leadership theory
C)path-goal theory
D)implicit leadership theory

Answer 50

D)implicit leadership theory

Question 51

Why might I/O researchers be particularly concerned about some of the findings related to implicit leadership theory (ILT)?

A)This theory recommends that leaders engage in favoritism with their subordinates.
B)This theory suggests that women are unlikely to be effective leaders.
C)This theory indicates that subordinates’ ratings of leaders may not reflect leaders’ actual behaviors.
D)This theory argues that truly effective leadership skills cannot be taught.

Answer 51

C)This theory indicates that subordinates’ ratings of leaders may not reflect leaders’ actual behaviors.

Question 52

Recent research on implicit leadership theory (ILT) has indicated that subordinates give more favorable ratings to:

A)African Americans and males.
B)Whites and males.
C)Whites and females.
D)African Americans and females.

Answer 52

B)Whites and males.

Question 53

Which of these is a common characteristic among the new leadership theories?

A)They explain why so many businesses are struggling.
B)They stress emotionally distant behaviors such as coercion.
C)They encourage an increase in subordinates’ self-esteem and satisfaction.
D)They account for the leader’s perceived situational control.

Answer 53

C)They encourage an increase in subordinates’ self-esteem and satisfaction.

Question 54

One common characteristic among the new leadership theories is that they:

A)explain how leaders adapt their behaviors to new situations.
B)emphasize organization and task completion.
C)make use of cutting-edge technologies.
D)encourage subordinates to identify with the leader’s values.

Answer 54

D)encourage subordinates to identify with the leader’s values.

Question 55

Nikki is a manager who not only motivates her team to exceed its goals but also helps her subordinates see the value in their work beyond the paycheck. Nikki is most likely engaged in:

A)transformational leadership.
B)transactional leadership.
C)implicit leadership.
D)contingent leadership.

Answer 55

B)transactional leadership.

Question 56

Janet is a leader who focuses on outlining clear expectations for her team. In a weekly email, she informs her team of the rewards they will receive for meeting her expectations. Janet is most likely engaged in:

A)transformational leadership.
B)transactional leadership.
C)implicit leadership.
D)authoritarian leadership.

Answer 56

B)transactional leadership.

Question 57

Which of these is a component of transformational leadership?

A)industrialized structuring
B)idealized influence
C)contingent reinforcement
D)institutional consideration

Answer 57

B)idealized influence

Question 58

Vina gives her subordinates challenging problems and encourages them to find creative solutions to them. The facet of transformational leadership she is showing is:

A)inspirational motivation.
B)idealized influence.
C)individualized consideration.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 58

D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 59

Alessandro is careful to give his subordinates tasks suited to their talents, goals, and abilities. In this case, the facet of transformational leadership he is showing is:

A)idealized influence.
B)inspirational motivation.
C)individualized consideration.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 59

C)individualized consideration.

Question 60

Akoni is a very charismatic leader. All of his subordinates want to emulate him. The facet of transformational leadership Akoni embodies is:

A)idealized influence.
B)intellectual stimulation.
C)inspirational motivation.
D)individualized consideration.

Answer 60

A)idealized influence.

Question 61

Lisbet encourages her subordinates to fight for a common cause. She also focuses on seeing the best in people and wants everyone to work for the greater good. In this case, the facet of transformational leadership she is demonstrating is:

A)individualized consideration.
B)idealized influence.
C)inspirational motivation.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 61

C)inspirational motivation.

Question 62

The process through which transformational leaders increase subordinates’ ability to see problems from a new perspective is known as:

A)contingent reinforcement.
B)inspirational motivation.
C)individualized consideration.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 62

D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 63

Research suggests that transformational leadership is most effective when it is combined with aspects of:

A)implicit leadership.
B)coercive power.
C)transactional leadership.
D)idocentrism.

Answer 63

C)transactional leadership.

Question 64

Two conflicting outcomes that can result from transformational leadership are:

A)dependence on the leader and empowered self-direction.
B)organizational commitment and turnover intentions.
C)job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction.
D)motivation and actual turnover.

Answer 64

A)dependence on the leader and empowered self-direction.

Question 65

The glass ceiling is a phenomenon in which:

A)people with low status in an organization have difficulty determining what they need to do to move up.
B)leaders ensure they are being transparent in their decision-making so that subordinates understand their reasoning.
C)people who want to move up in the organization sometimes collide with people currently in the position who are not interested in moving up and out of that position.
D)qualified individuals cannot move up in an organization because of discrimination.

Answer 65

D)qualified individuals cannot move up in an organization because of discrimination.

Question 66

According to the Glass Ceiling Commission, in 1991 women held _____ of administrative and management positions and _____ of top leadership positions.

A)80%; 20%
B)43%; 5%
C)50%; 50%
D)20%; 30%

Answer 66

B)43%; 5%

Question 67

According to Eagly’s research on gender and leadership, women are:

A)more participative than men.
B)more task-oriented than men.
C)less participative than men.
D)less interpersonally oriented than men.

Answer 67

A)more participative than men.

Question 68

According to research on gender and leadership, which statement is true?

A)Male leaders exhibit higher levels of transformational leadership behaviors than female leaders.
B)Male leaders often are perceived as more effective than women because of the “masculine advantage.”
C)Men are perceived as more effective leaders overall than are women.
D)Women emerge more often as leaders in socially oriented situations.

Answer 68

D)Women emerge more often as leaders in socially oriented situations.

Question 69

The “feminine advantage” refers to the theory that:

A)women are more effective leaders because they are more inclusive and nurturing.
B)women are more likely to emerge as leaders when they are found to be attractive and feminine.
C)women are more likely to emerge as leaders when they are seen as aggressive and dominant.
D)women are more likely to gain positions of leadership because hiring managers overcompensate for their stereotypical attitudes.

Answer 69

A)women are more effective leaders because they are more inclusive and nurturing.

Question 70

According to Eagly et al. (2003), female leaders are more likely to engage in _____ behaviors, and male leaders are more likely to engage in _____ behaviors.

A)ineffective transactional; effective transactional
B)effective transactional; transformational
C)ineffective transactional; transformational
D)transformational; ineffective transactional

Answer 70

D)transformational; ineffective transactional

Question 71

An ongoing study on culture and leadership is known as:

A)Project Lead.
B)the CULTR commission.
C)the EARTH report.
D)the GLOBE project.

Answer 71

D)the GLOBE project.

Question 72

Across all countries, research has found that the leadership traits that appear to be important are:

A)those that match cultural expectations.
B)transactional.
C)extraversion and agreeableness.
D)intelligence-related.

Answer 72

A)those that match cultural expectations.

Question 73

Which of these was identified as a prototypical leadership trait by U.S. participants in a research study?

A)shyness
B)trustworthiness
C)industriousness
D)regretful

Answer 73

C)industriousness

Question 74

Eastern cultures tend to indicate that _____ is important to leadership; Western cultures tend to indicate that _____ is important to leadership.

A)intelligence; determination
B)determination; intelligence
C)allocentrism; idocentrism
D)idocentrism; allocentrism

Answer 74

A)intelligence; determination

Question 75

Transformational leaders express more _____ than do non-transformational leaders.

A)positive emotions
B)positive moods
C)negative emotions
D)negative moods

Answer 75

A)positive emotions

Question 76

The ability to assess and manage one’s own emotions as well as understand the feelings others is known as:

A)perceptual capability.
B)leader-emotion exchange.
C)cognitive prototyping.
D)emotional intelligence.

Answer 76

D)emotional intelligence.

Question 77

Research in South Korea suggests that leaders high in emotional intelligence are effective because they:

A)are better at gaining power and influence through coercion.
B)can train their followers to be more empathetic and relationship-oriented.
C)engage in more transformational behaviors.
D)demonstrate a better balance of task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors.

Answer 77

C)engage in more transformational behaviors.

Question 78

Research on the training of leaders on emotional and social skills:

A)suggests that this training is successful.
B)has not provided conclusive results.
C)suggests that this training can actually worsen social skills.
D)demonstrates that these skills can be taught, but they do not translate to improved leader performance.

Answer 78

B)has not provided conclusive results.

Question 79

_____ theory was popular in the 1950s and has reemerged in the last 30 years.

A)Power
B)Behavioral
C)Trait
D)Contingency

Answer 79

C)Trait

Question 80

Based on the Ohio State studies, the dimension of leadership behavior that relates to the extent to which leaders act in a supportive way and show respect for their subordinates is:

A)initiating-structure behavior.
B)consideration behavior.
C)control behavior.
D)contingency behavior.

Answer 80

B)consideration behavior.

Question 81

According to the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ), which behavioral phrase measures a leader’s initiating structure?

A)The leader is friendly and approachable.
B)The leader schedules the work to be done.
C)The leader is willing to make changes.
D)The leader treats each group members as his or her equal.

Answer 81

B)The leader schedules the work to be done.

Question 82

Labert, Tepper, Carr, Holt & Barelka (2012) found that in terms of most leadership outcomes, it was most effective for leaders to have:

A)moderate levels of initiating structure and high levels of consideration.
B)moderate levels of consideration and high levels of initiating structure.
C)low levels of consideration and initiating structure.
D)moderate levels of initiating structure and low levels of consideration.

Answer 82

A)moderate levels of initiating structure and high levels of consideration.

Question 83

Research by DeRue and colleagues (2011) suggests that task-oriented leadership behaviors are related to _____, while relationship-oriented leadership behaviors are related to _____.

A)performance-related outcomes; affect-related outcomes
B)affect-related outcomes; performance related outcomes
C)OCB; CWB
D)CWB; OCB

Answer 83

A)performance-related outcomes; affect-related outcomes

Question 84

To determine leadership style, Fiedler used a scale where leaders described the worst colleague they have ever encountered. This scale was known as:

A)the least preferred coworker scale.
B)the contingency scale.
C)the implicit leadership scale.
D)the leader-member exchange scale.

Answer 84

A)the least preferred coworker scale.

Question 85

Dulebohn and colleagues (2012) conducted a meta-analysis that suggests that _____ explain the most variance in LMX.

A)leader behaviors and perceptions
B)follower attitudes
C)team diversity variables
D)leader personality variables

Answer 85

A)leader behaviors and perceptions

Question 86

Research on implicit leadership theory suggests that subordinates will rate a leader positively when:

A)the leader is different from their prototype.
B)the leader matches their prototype.
C)the leader engages in effective behaviors.
D)the leader engages in ineffective behaviors.

Answer 86

B)the leader matches their prototype.

Question 87

Implicit leadership theory suggests that white men might emerge as leaders more often because:

A)they match most people’s prototype of a leader.
B)they are generally more effective as leaders than other demographics.
C)there are more of them in the workforce compared to other demographics.
D)masculinity is important for leadership effectiveness.

Answer 87

A)they match most people’s prototype of a leader.

Question 88

One common characteristic among the new leadership theories is that they:

A)suggest leaders are born, not made.
B)emphasize organization and task completion.
C)make use of cutting-edge technologies.
D)explain how leaders can take organizations to new heights.

Answer 88

D)explain how leaders can take organizations to new heights.

Question 89

One common characteristic among the new leadership theories is that they:

A)explain how leaders adapt their behaviors to new situations.
B)emphasize transactional behaviors.
C)make use of cutting-edge technologies.
D)stress emotionally appealing behaviors such as empowering subordinates.

Answer 89

D)stress emotionally appealing behaviors such as empowering subordinates.

Question 90

_____ is a form of leadership where the interaction between leader and follower raises both to higher levels of motivation and morality than they would achieve individually.

A)Transformational leadership
B)Transactional leadership
C)Implicit leadership
D)Prototypical leadership

Answer 90

B)Transactional leadership

Question 91

_____ is a form of leadership where the relationship between leader and follower is based chiefly on exchanges, with a focus on contingent reinforcement.

A)Transformational leadership
B)Transactional leadership
C)Implicit leadership
D)Prototypical leadership

Answer 91

B)Transactional leadership

Question 92

The facet of transformational leadership where a leader arouses a strong desire among employees to emulate the leader is:

A)individualized consideration.
B)idealized influence.
C)industrial motivation.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 92

B)idealized influence.

Question 93

The facet of transformational leadership where a leader focuses on the best in people and gives followers a reason to engage in shared goals is:

A)individualized consideration.
B)idealized influence.
C)inspirational motivation.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 93

C)inspirational motivation.

Question 94

The facet of transformational leadership where a leader encourages followers to consider problems from a new perspective is:

A)individualized consideration.
B)idealized influence.
C)inspirational motivation.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 94

D)intellectual stimulation.

Question 95

The facet of transformational leadership where a leader treats followers as individuals by supporting and encouraging them is:

A)individualized consideration.
B)idealized influence.
C)inspirational motivation.
D)intellectual stimulation.

Answer 95

A)individualized consideration.

Question 96

Research by Li and colleagues (2013) found that transformational leadership had the greatest impact on teams when team members:

A)initially feel highly connected with their team.
B)are extremely high in conscientiousness.
C)are extremely high in extraversion.
D)initially feel low levels of cohesion within their team.

Answer 96

D)initially feel low levels of cohesion within their team.

Question 97

_____ leadership is where one leads through his or her own genuine style that engenders trust in followers and builds relationships.

A)Thoughtful
B)Genuine
C)Charismatic
D)Authentic

Answer 97

D)Authentic

Question 98

_____ leadership is where one leads through personal integrity and is driven by a desire to assist other people.

A)Servant
B)Genuine
C)Charismatic
D)Obsequious

Answer 98

A)Servant

Question 99

The main difference between transformational leadership and authentic leadership is:

A)authentic leadership does not demonstrate any relationship with follower performance.
B)authentic leadership does not necessarily include a charismatic component.
C)transformational leadership does not demonstrate any relationship with follower performance.
D)transformational leadership does not necessarily include a charismatic component.

Answer 99

B)authentic leadership does not necessarily include a charismatic component.

Question 100

One main difference between transformational leadership and servant leadership is that transformational leadership has the potential for _____, whereas this is not possible with servant leadership.

A)narcissism
B)positive organizational outcomes
C)employee development
D)high employee satisfaction

Answer 100

A)narcissism

Question 101

One main difference between authentic leadership and servant leadership is that authentic leadership is focused on _____, while servant leadership is focused on _____.

A)growing and developing others; being true to oneself
B)being true to oneself; growing and developing others
C)initiating structure; consideration
D)consideration; initiating structure

Answer 101

B)being true to oneself; growing and developing others

Question 102

The dark triad is composed of:

A)neuroticism, egotism, and dishonesty.
B)excitability, hostility, and aggression.
C)psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism.
D)anger, sadness and jealousy.

Answer 102

C)psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism.

Question 103

Research indicates that individuals who score high on the dark triad:

A)take joy in other people’s suffering.
B)are non-competitive.
C)tend to be highly honest and ethical.
D)have difficulty making decisions.

Answer 103

A)take joy in other people’s suffering.

Question 104

Compared to women, men score _____ and are more likely to use _____.

A)higher on the dark triad; hard tactics
B)lower on the dark triad; soft tactics
C)lower on the dark triad; hard tactics
D)higher on the dark triad; soft tactics

Answer 104

A)higher on the dark triad; hard tactics

Question 105

Arrogant leaders tend to have _____ intelligence and _____ self-esteem.

A)high; high
B)high; low
C)low; high
D)low; low

Answer 105

D)low; low

Question 106

_____ theories differ from both trait and behavioral theories by formally taking into account situational or contextual variables.

a. Path–goal
b. Contingency
c. Cognitive-behavioral
d. Leader effectiveness

Answer 106

b. Contingency

Question 107

One main difference between transformational leadership and servant leadership is that servant leadership focuses on _____, whereas transformational leadership focuses on _____.

A)individual growth; organizational growth
B)organizational growth; individual growth
C)individual performance; organizational performance
D)organizational performance; individual performance

Answer 107

A)individual growth; organizational growth

Question 108

_____ is an individual’s potential influence over the attitudes and behaviors of one or more other individuals.

a. Leadership
b. Power
c. Opportunity
d. Administration

Answer 108

b. Power

Question 109

Which is NOT one of the bases of power?

a. Legitimate power
b. Reward power
c. Referent power
d. Inferred power

Answer 109

d. Inferred power

Question 110

_____ theories focus on identifying what leaders actually do, in the hope that this approach will provide a better understanding of leadership processes.

a. Contingency
b. Behavior
c. Trait
d. Cognitive

Answer 110

b. Behavior

Question 111

_____ theory focuses on those dyadic relationships between subordinates and leaders rather than on leader behaviors or traits.

a. Leader–member exchange
b. Contingency
c. Behavior
d. Cognitive

Answer 111

a. Leader–member exchange

Question 112

_____ leadership is an example of leading through personal integrity and driven by a desire to serve other people.

a. Authentic
b. Servant
c. Negative
d. Transformational

Answer 112

b. Servant

Question 113

_____ is usually defined as the successful long-term performance of the leader’s work group or subordinates.

a. Operational power
b. Effective leadership
c. Positive influence
d. Organization

Answer 113

b. Effective leadership

Question 114

_____ leadership theory views leadership as the outcome of a perceptual process involving both leaders and subordinates.

a. Implicit
b. Explicit
c. Servant
d. Contingency

Answer 114

a. Implicit

Question 115

A form of leadership in which the interaction of leader and follower raises both to higher levels of motivation and morality than they would achieve individually is called _____ leadership.

a. implicit
b. servant
c. transformational
d. transactional

Answer 115

c. transformational

Question 116

_____ leadership is a form of leadership in which the relationship between leader and follower is based chiefly on exchanges, with an emphasis on contingent reinforcement.

a. Implicit
b. Servant
c. Transformational
d. Transactional

Answer 116

d. Transactional

Question 117

_____ refers to a situation in which qualified individuals are prevented from truly achieving all that they can because of some form of discrimination.

a. Invisible line
b. Glass ceiling
c. Ineffective leadership
d. Meta-analysis

Answer 117

b. Glass ceiling

Question 118

Three personality traits that tend to be reflected in unfeeling and manipulative behavior are referred to as:

a. negative leadership.
b. arrogant leadership.
c. the dark triad.
d. hyper competitiveness.

Answer 118

c. the dark triad.