CHAPTER 13: GROUP BEHAVIOR, TEAMS AND CONFLICT Flashcards
two or more people who perceive themselves as a group and interact in some way.
Group
Gordon (2001) believes that for a collection of people to be called a group, the following four criteria must be met: what are these criterias?
a) The members of the group must see themselves as a unit;
(b) the group must provide rewards to its members;
(c) anything that happens to one member of the group affects every other member; and
(d) the members of the group must share a common goal.
An event that affects one member of a group will affect the other group members.
Corresponding effects
An aim or purpose shared by members of a group.
Common goal
In the workplace, the most common reason for joining groups is that
employees are assigned to them.
A leadership style in which the individual leads by caring about others and that is most effective in a climate of anxiety.
Affiliation
The need to associate ourselves with the image projected by other people, groups, or objects.
Identification
The extent to which members of a group like and trust one another.
Group cohesiveness
In general, the more cohesive the group, the greater its…
Performance
Decsision Quality
Member Satisfaction
Member Interaction
Employee Courtesy
the extent to which its members are similar
homogeneity
Groups whose members share the same characteristics.
Homogeneous groups
Groups whose members share few similarities.
Heterogeneous groups
Groups in which a few group members have different characteristics from the rest of the group.
Slightly heterogeneous groups
The extent to which the membership of a group remains consistent over time
Stability
The degree of physical distance of a group from other groups.
Isolation
The amount of psychological pressure placed on a group by people who are not members of the group.
Outside pressure
When we believe that someone is trying to intentionally influence us to take some particular action, we often react by doing the opposite. This phenomenon is called…
Psychological reactance
The number of members in a group.
Group size
Tasks for which the group’s performance is equal to the sum of the performances of each individual group member.
Additive tasks
Tasks for which the group’s performance is dependent on the performance of the least effective group member.
Conjunctive tasks
Tasks for which the performance of a group is based on the performance of its most talented member.
Disjunctive tasks
States that the addition of a group member has the greatest effect on group behavior when the size of the group is small.
Social impact theory
The esteem in which the group is held by people not in the group.
Group status
The manner in which members of a group communicate with one another.
Communication structure
involve behaviors such as offering new ideas, coordinating activities, and finding new information
Task-oriented roles
involve encouraging cohesiveness and participation.
Social-oriented roles
includes blocking group activities, calling attention to oneself, and avoiding group interaction.
individual role
The positive effects that occur when a person performs a task in the presence of others.
Social facilitation
The negative effects that occur when a person performs a task in the presence of others.
Social inhibition
The effect on behavior when one or more people passively watch the behavior of another person.
Audience effects
The effect on behavior when two or more people are performing the same task in the presence of each other.
Coaction
Theory stating that the very fact that others happen to be present naturally produces arousal and thus may affect performance.
Mere presence
The effect when an individual working on a task compares his or her performance with that of another person performing the same task.
Comparison
The idea that a person performing a task becomes aroused because he or she is concerned that others are evaluating his or her performance.
Evaluation apprehension
The idea that social inhibition occurs because the presence of others provides a distraction that interferes with concentration.
Distracting
The fact that individuals in a group often exert less individual effort than they would if they were not in a group.
Social loafing
postulates that when things are going well, a group member realizes that his effort is not necessary and thus does not work as hard as he would if he were alone
free-rider theory
hypothesizes that social loafing occurs when a group member notices that other group members are not working hard and thus are “playing him for a sucker.”
sucker effect
When one member of a group dominates the group.
Individual dominance
coined by Janis (1972) after studying the disastrous Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961.
A state of mind in which a group is so concerned about its own cohesiveness that it ignores important information.
Groupthink
A group member who intentionally provides an opposing opinion to that expressed by the leader or the majority of the group.
—one who questions and disagrees with the group.
Devil’s advocate
A collection of individuals whose results are pooled but who never interact with one another.
Nominal group
