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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 4 (Ch. 11-13) > Chapter 13: Brain and Its Regions > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Brain and Its Regions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main areas of the brain

A

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Diencephalon

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2
Q

What are the three regions of the brain stem? What is the function of the brain stem?

A

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

The brain stem houses a lot of involuntary functions

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3
Q

medulla oblongata

A

The most inferior part of the brain stem. It is continuous with the spinal cord. The nuclei here help control heart rate, respiration, etc. as well as vomiting, hiccuping, etc.

On the anterior side there is a projection called the Pyramids.

Cranial nerves V, IX-XII

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4
Q

pons

A

superior to the medulla oblongata. Cranial nerve nuclei for V-VII.

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5
Q

pyramids

A

descending motor tracks from the medulla oblongata that cross or “decussate” which means that opposite sides of the brain control opposite sides of the body.

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6
Q

midbrain

A

the smallest portion of the brain stem.

houses nuclei for cranial nerves III-V

Has the tectum, red nuclei, and the substantia nigra

also called the mesencephalon

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7
Q

tecutem

A

four small projectsion on tthe superior part of the midbrain. each one is specific to certain senses (top two for sight, bottom two for hearing.

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8
Q

red nuclei

A

In the tegmentum: aid in unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

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9
Q

substantia nigra

A

pigmented with melanin; interconnected with basal nuclei of the cerebrum

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10
Q

tegmentum

A

ascending tracts such as spinal and medial lemniscus from spianl cord to brain.

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11
Q

descending tracts of midbrain

A

crebral penduncles from cerebrum through brain stem to spinal cord.

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12
Q

reticular formation

A

throughout the brainstem, these nuclei play rols in awareness, posture, pain, as well as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.

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13
Q

cerebellum

A

posterior and inferior portion of the brain. The ridges and folds are called “folia” that is white matter that resembles a tree. Also called “arbor vitae”

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14
Q

what are the three main portions of the cerebellum?

A

vermis

two lateral hemispheres (divided by primary fissure and anterior and posterior lobes)

flocculonodular lobe

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15
Q

purkinje cells

A

largest cells in the cerebellum. Over 200,000 synapses because it’s picking up a lot of information. One of the major jobs of the cerebellum is to coordinate movement from the cerebellum to the cerebrum.

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16
Q

diencephalon

A

internal to the cerebrum and superior to the cerebellum

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17
Q

what are the four parts of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus

subthalamus

epithalamus

hypothalamus

18
Q

thalamus

A

two lateral portions connected through the “interthalemic adhesion”

Function is to receive sensory and emotional information and project it to the brain

19
Q

What are the three sensory portions of the thalamus?

A

medial geniculate nucleus: auditory
lateral geniculate nucleus: visual
ventral posterior nucleus: other sensory

20
Q

what portions of the thalamus suppports motor function?

A

ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei

21
Q

what portions of the thalamus support mood modification?

A

anterior and medial nuclei which are connected to the limbic system

22
Q

subthalamus

A

functions as part of the basal nuclei and supports ascending and descending tracts through the “subthalamic nuclei”

23
Q

epithalamus

A

above and posterior to the thalamus.

habenula: influences behavior and motivation

pineal gland: influences sleep-wake cycle and other biorhythms (melatonin)

24
Q

hypothalamus

A

the connection between the endocrine system and the nervous system.

Influences fight or flight response and sexual pleasure.

“mammillary bodies” are bulges on ventral side that control olfactory responses and emotional responses to odors.

“infundibulum” the stalk on the floor that controls the endocrine system from hypothalamus to pituitary gland.

25
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest part of the brain divided into two hemispheres

26
Q

gyri

A

folds in cerebrum

27
Q

sulci

A

depressions in cerebrum

28
Q

central sulcus

A

divides the brain into posterior and anterior portions called the “precentral gyrus” (or prefrontal cortex) and the “postcentral gyrus” (or primary somatic central cortex)

29
Q

what are the five portions of the cerebrum?

A

central sulcus

frontal lobe

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

temporal lobe

30
Q

frontal lobe

A

functions in supporting voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, mood, personality, and decision making

31
Q

parietal lobe

A

reception and evaluation of sensory information except smell, hearing, and vision

32
Q

temporal lobe

A

reception and evaluation of smell and hearing; memory, judgement, abstract thought. Also contains the “insula”

33
Q

occipital lobe

A

reception and interpretation of visual information

34
Q

cebereal medulla

A

the white matter on the inside of the brain

35
Q

association fibers

A

connections within the same hemispheres

36
Q

commissural fibers

A

connecting one hemisphere to the other. “Corpus collosum” is the main one.

37
Q

projection fibers

A

connections between the cerebrum and other parts of the brain and spinal cord

38
Q

where are the basal nuclei found?

A

diencephalon, midbrain, and cerebrum

39
Q

what are the functions of the basal nuclei?

A

they help control motor functions

40
Q

what is the corpus striatum

A

The striatum is a deep-brain nucleus that links motivation to motor movements involved in the execution of simple motor tasks as well as more complex cognitive tasks, such as reward processing, decision-making, and social interactions.

“caudate nucleus,” “lentiform nucleus,” “putamen,” and “globus pallidus”

41
Q

where are the “subthalamic nucleus and the “substantia nigra” located?

A

outside the cerebrum

42
Q

limbic system

A

Functions almost on its own and controls a lot of the functions of the brain. Helps with basic survival - memory, reproduction, nutrition, but mostly emotions. Hormones

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 4 (Ch. 11-13) (10 decks)

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