Chapter 13

Question 1

Denudation

Answer 1

Removing surface

Question 2

As landscapes and forces acting on them change,

Answer 2

Surface constantly responds in search of equilibrium.

Question 3

Dynamic Equilibrium Model

Answer 3

Balancing act between tectonic uplift and reduction by weathering and erosion

Question 4

Endogenic

Answer 4

processes create landscapes

Question 5

Exogenic

Answer 5

processes destroy or modify landscapes

Question 6

Geomorphic threshold

Answer 6

Enough energy to overcome resistance against movements

Question 7

Frost Wedging

Answer 7

Water gets in joints, freezes pressure expands gaps.

Question 7

Pressure-release jointing

Answer 7

Jointing of large rock masses into thin layers as a
result of releasing pressure (exfoliation sheets)

Question 7

Root Wedging

Answer 7

Growing roots force joints apart, like roots under a sidewalk.

Question 8

Salt Wedging

Answer 8

Similar to ice wedging but salt growth is what causes the pressure.

Question 9

Dissolution (and acid formation)

Answer 9

minerals completely dissolve in water

Question 10

Oxidation

Answer 10

reaction of oxygen with iron; iron atom loses electrons

Rust

Question 11

Hydrolysis

Answer 11

water chemically reacts with minerals and breaks them down

Question 12

Karst

Answer 12

Limestone formations that have chemically weathered

Question 13

Stalactites

Answer 13

Roof spikes

Question 14

Stalagmites

Answer 14

Floor spikes

Question 15

Angle of repose

Answer 15

The steepest angle of which the material can be piled without slumping.

Question 16

Scarification

Answer 16

Human-induced mass movement resulting of an unstable slope.