Chapter 13 Flashcards
Our embryonic central nervous system
Neural Tube
A neural tube defect in whih absence of major portions of the brain and malformation of the brainstem occur. The cranium does not close & the vertebral canal remains a groove
Anencephaly
A congenital neural tube defect in which there is a developmental anomaly in the posterior vertebral arch
Spina bifida
Defective closure of the laminae of the vertebral column in the lumbosacral region without hernial protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges
Spina bifida Occulta
Incomplete closure along the anteror surface of the vertebral column. The defect is often assoc. w/the developmental anomalies of the abdominal & thoracic viscera.
spina bifida anterior
A developmental defect of the central nervous system in which a hernial cyst containing meninges , spinal cord, or both protrudes through a congenital cleft in the vertebral column
spina bifida cystica
A pathological condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, usually under increased pressure, within the cranial vault & subsequent dilation of the ventricles
Hydrocephalus
CSF
Cerbral spinal fluid
Caused by an increased cranial pressure
headache
Diffused pain that is everywhere
Common headache
triggered by inflammation, chemical exposures, etc. These headaches are right behind the eyes. Last 30 min. to an hour. Occur mostly in males. Triggered by alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, hypotension.
Cluster headache
Localized on the side of the skull. Occur more in women. Last hours to days. What triggers it varies. Most are preceded by an Aura.
Migraine headache
A change in sensory
Aura
Any infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Characterized by severe headache, stiffness of the neck, irritability malaise, and restlessness.
Meningitis
An inflammatory condition of the brain. The cause is usually an arbovirus infection transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, but may be the result of lead or other poisoning or of a hemorrhage.
Encephalitis
A cavity containing pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue, formed as a result of suppuration in a localized infection, characteristically caused by staphylococci but also caused by parasites & foreign substances.
Abscess
An acute, potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin, elaborated by the anaerobic bacillus.
Tetanus
An acute, usually fatal viral disease of the cns of mammals. It is transmitted from animals to people through infected saliva.
Rabies
An infectious disease caused by one of the three polioviruses. Asymptomatic, mild, and paralytic forms of the disease occur. More boys than girls are severely affected. Stress increases susceptibility. Transmitted person to person through fecal contamination.
Poliomyelitis
An acute infection caused by reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus, which mainly affects adults. Linked to stress, aging, & immune impairment. Characterized by the development of painful vesicular skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of cranial or spinal nerves inflamed by the virus.
Herpes Zoster aka Shingles
Any disease in which deterioration of structure or function of tissue occurs. Breaking down of tissue.
Degenerative Diseases
Neuronal damage; a hyperexcitation of neurons in the brain leading to abnormal electric activity that causes a sudden, violent involuntary series of contractions of a group of muscles.
Seizure
An uncontrolled electrical discharge. glial damage, causes dis-coordination and increased fragility of neurons
Seizure
The process of destruction or removal of the myelin sheath from a nerve or nerve fiber
Demyelination
Lose awareness but not consciousness.
Petit Mal Seizure
Lose consciousness and have convulsions
Grand Mal Seizure
Fever induced; common in kids
Febrile Seizure
Having recurrent seizures
Epilepsy
When constantly seizing. a medical emergency characterized by continuous seizures lasting more than 30 minutes without interruption.
Status Epilepticus
A repeated micro-contraction of muscle
Tremors
Occurs at rest. Non-intentional
Essential tremor
Gets worse during movement. Intentional.
Non-essential Tremor
A neuronal damage within the thalamus. A condition characterized by progressive mental deterioration, often with confusion, memory failure, disorientation, restlessness. Targets a structure called the globus pallidus
Alzheimers
The smaller and more medial part of the lentiform nucleus of the brain; connected to the thalamus
globus pallidus
A progressive disease characterized by disseminated demyelination of nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord. Damage to motor neurons; fibrosis “autoimmune disease.” To test: spinal tap or blood work.
Multiple Sclerosis
aka Lou Gehrig. Targets both upper limbs or lower limbs. Idiopathic. A degenerative disease characterized by loss of the motor neurons, with progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Damage within the basal nuclei “Substantia Nigra.” Idiopathic . Tremors.
Parkinsons Disease
Targets the “Striatum” in the basal nuclei. A hereditary disease “Autosomal dominant”. We see atrophy, express after age 30, before age 50. Commonly find Chorea (repeated jerky movements). A rare abnormal hereditary condition characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration that results in dementia.
Huntington’s Disease
Ipsilateral damage (on the same side)
Coup
Suffer from contralateral damage
Countercoup impact
Contusion (bleeding bruise)
Vascular trauma
A collection of extravasated blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or in an organ resulting from trauma or incomplete hemostasis after surgery.
Hematoma
Physical trauma to the brain
Concussion
Developmental trauma; a motor function disorder caused by a permanent, nonprogressive brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly thereafter
Cebral Palsy
A condition of whiplash type injuries, ranging from bruises on the arms & trunk to retinal hemorrhages, rib fractures, coma or confulsions. This form of abuse often results in intracranial bleeding from tearing of cerebral blood vessels.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
