Chapter 13

Question 1

Our embryonic central nervous system

Answer 1

Neural Tube

Question 2

A neural tube defect in whih absence of major portions of the brain and malformation of the brainstem occur. The cranium does not close & the vertebral canal remains a groove

Answer 2

Anencephaly

Question 3

A congenital neural tube defect in which there is a developmental anomaly in the posterior vertebral arch

Answer 3

Spina bifida

Question 4

Defective closure of the laminae of the vertebral column in the lumbosacral region without hernial protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

Answer 4

Spina bifida Occulta

Question 5

Incomplete closure along the anteror surface of the vertebral column. The defect is often assoc. w/the developmental anomalies of the abdominal & thoracic viscera.

Answer 5

spina bifida anterior

Question 6

A developmental defect of the central nervous system in which a hernial cyst containing meninges , spinal cord, or both protrudes through a congenital cleft in the vertebral column

Answer 6

spina bifida cystica

Question 7

A pathological condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid, usually under increased pressure, within the cranial vault & subsequent dilation of the ventricles

Answer 7

Hydrocephalus

Question 8

CSF

Answer 8

Cerbral spinal fluid

Question 9

Caused by an increased cranial pressure

Answer 9

headache

Question 10

Diffused pain that is everywhere

Answer 10

Common headache

Question 11

triggered by inflammation, chemical exposures, etc. These headaches are right behind the eyes. Last 30 min. to an hour. Occur mostly in males. Triggered by alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, hypotension.

Answer 11

Cluster headache

Question 12

Localized on the side of the skull. Occur more in women. Last hours to days. What triggers it varies. Most are preceded by an Aura.

Answer 12

Migraine headache

Question 13

A change in sensory

Answer 13

Aura

Question 14

Any infection or inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Characterized by severe headache, stiffness of the neck, irritability malaise, and restlessness.

Answer 14

Meningitis

Question 15

An inflammatory condition of the brain. The cause is usually an arbovirus infection transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito, but may be the result of lead or other poisoning or of a hemorrhage.

Answer 15

Encephalitis

Question 16

A cavity containing pus and surrounded by inflamed tissue, formed as a result of suppuration in a localized infection, characteristically caused by staphylococci but also caused by parasites & foreign substances.

Answer 16

Abscess

Question 17

An acute, potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by the exotoxin tetanospasmin, elaborated by the anaerobic bacillus.

Answer 17

Tetanus

Question 18

An acute, usually fatal viral disease of the cns of mammals. It is transmitted from animals to people through infected saliva.

Answer 18

Rabies

Question 19

An infectious disease caused by one of the three polioviruses. Asymptomatic, mild, and paralytic forms of the disease occur. More boys than girls are severely affected. Stress increases susceptibility. Transmitted person to person through fecal contamination.

Answer 19

Poliomyelitis

Question 20

An acute infection caused by reactivation of the latent varicella zoster virus, which mainly affects adults. Linked to stress, aging, & immune impairment. Characterized by the development of painful vesicular skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of cranial or spinal nerves inflamed by the virus.

Answer 20

Herpes Zoster aka Shingles

Question 21

Any disease in which deterioration of structure or function of tissue occurs. Breaking down of tissue.

Answer 21

Degenerative Diseases

Question 22

Neuronal damage; a hyperexcitation of neurons in the brain leading to abnormal electric activity that causes a sudden, violent involuntary series of contractions of a group of muscles.

Answer 22

Seizure

Question 23

An uncontrolled electrical discharge. glial damage, causes dis-coordination and increased fragility of neurons

Answer 23

Seizure

Question 24

The process of destruction or removal of the myelin sheath from a nerve or nerve fiber

Answer 24

Demyelination

Question 25

Lose awareness but not consciousness.

Answer 25

Petit Mal Seizure

Question 26

Lose consciousness and have convulsions

Answer 26

Grand Mal Seizure

Question 27

Fever induced; common in kids

Answer 27

Febrile Seizure

Question 28

Having recurrent seizures

Answer 28

Epilepsy

Question 29

When constantly seizing. a medical emergency characterized by continuous seizures lasting more than 30 minutes without interruption.

Answer 29

Status Epilepticus

Question 30

A repeated micro-contraction of muscle

Answer 30

Tremors

Question 31

Occurs at rest. Non-intentional

Answer 31

Essential tremor

Question 32

Gets worse during movement. Intentional.

Answer 32

Non-essential Tremor

Question 33

A neuronal damage within the thalamus. A condition characterized by progressive mental deterioration, often with confusion, memory failure, disorientation, restlessness. Targets a structure called the globus pallidus

Answer 33

Alzheimers

Question 34

The smaller and more medial part of the lentiform nucleus of the brain; connected to the thalamus

Answer 34

globus pallidus

Question 35

A progressive disease characterized by disseminated demyelination of nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord. Damage to motor neurons; fibrosis “autoimmune disease.” To test: spinal tap or blood work.

Answer 35

Multiple Sclerosis

Question 36

aka Lou Gehrig. Targets both upper limbs or lower limbs. Idiopathic. A degenerative disease characterized by loss of the motor neurons, with progressive weakness and atrophy of the muscles of the hands, forearms, and legs, spreading to involve most of the body and face.

Answer 36

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Question 37

Damage within the basal nuclei “Substantia Nigra.” Idiopathic . Tremors.

Answer 37

Parkinsons Disease

Question 38

Targets the “Striatum” in the basal nuclei. A hereditary disease “Autosomal dominant”. We see atrophy, express after age 30, before age 50. Commonly find Chorea (repeated jerky movements). A rare abnormal hereditary condition characterized by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration that results in dementia.

Answer 38

Huntington’s Disease

Question 39

Ipsilateral damage (on the same side)

Answer 39

Coup

Question 40

Suffer from contralateral damage

Answer 40

Countercoup impact

Question 41

Contusion (bleeding bruise)

Answer 41

Vascular trauma

Question 42

A collection of extravasated blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or in an organ resulting from trauma or incomplete hemostasis after surgery.

Answer 42

Hematoma

Question 43

Physical trauma to the brain

Answer 43

Concussion

Question 44

Developmental trauma; a motor function disorder caused by a permanent, nonprogressive brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly thereafter

Answer 44

Cebral Palsy

Question 45

A condition of whiplash type injuries, ranging from bruises on the arms & trunk to retinal hemorrhages, rib fractures, coma or confulsions. This form of abuse often results in intracranial bleeding from tearing of cerebral blood vessels.

Answer 45

Shaken Baby Syndrome