Chapter 13 & 14 Early Adulthood

Question 1

Biological Aging

Answer 1

Senescence which is genetically influenced declines in the functioning of organs and systems that are universal in all members of our species.

Question 2

Telomeres

Answer 2

A special type of DNA located at the ends of chromosomes, servings as a “cap” to protect the ends from destruction – shortens. Eventually, so little remains that the cells no longer duplicate at all.

Question 3

Free Radicals

Answer 3

Naturally occurring, highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxygen. It destroys nearby cellular material, including DNA, proteins, and fats essential for cell functioning, thereby increasing the individuals’ vulnerability to wide-ranging disorders of aging, including cardiovascular disease, neurological impairments, cancer, cataracts, and arthritis.

Question 4

Cross-Linkage Theory of Aging

Answer 4

Over time, protein fibers that make up the body’s connective tissue form bonds, or links, with one another. When these normally separate fibers cross-link, the tissue becomes less elastic, leading to many negative outcomes, including loss of flexibility in the skin, other organs, clouding of the lens of the eye, clogging of arteries, and damage to the kidneys. . Cross-linking can be reduced by external factors, including regular exercise and a healthy diet.

Question 5

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 5

The amount of energy the body uses at complete rest.

Question 6

Postformal thought

Answer 6

cognitive development beyond Piaget’s formal operational stage.

Question 7

Epistemic Cognition

Answer 7

Refers to our reflections. on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas. When mature, rational thinkers reach conclusions that differ from those of others, they consider the justifiability of their conclusions.

Question 8

Dualistic Thinking

Answer 8

Dividing Information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they. Dualistic thinkers approach learning by accepting what they are given.

Question 9

Relativistic Thinking

Answer 9

Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. Aware of a diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context.

Question 10

Commitment within Relativistic thinking

Answer 10

Instead of choosing between opposing views, they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions.

Question 11

Pragmatic Thought

Answer 11

A structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems.

Question 12

Cognitive-Affective Complexity

Answer 12

Awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual experiences.

Question 13

Expertise

Answer 13

Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor.

Question 14

Fantasy Period (Selecting a Vocation)

Answer 14

The fantasy period: In early and middle childhood, children gain insight into career options by fantasizing about them.

Question 15

Tentative Period (Selecting a Vocation)

Answer 15

Between ages 11 and 16, adolescents think about careers in more complex ways, at first in terms of their interests, and soon - as they become more aware of personal and educational requirements for different vocations – in terms of their abilities and values.

Question 16

Realistic Period (Selecting a Vocation)

Answer 16

By the late teens and early twenties, with the economic and practical realities of adulthood just around the corner, young people start to narrow their options. A first step is often further exploration – gathering more information about possibilities that blend with their personal characteristics. In the final phase, crystallization, they focus on a general vocational category and experiment for a time before settling on a single occupation.

Question 17

Emerging Adulthood

Answer 17

The transition to adult roles has become so delayed and prolonged that it has spawned a new transitional period extending from the late teens to the mid-to-late twenties.

Question 18

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 18

Erikson’s theory of psychological conflict of early adulthood, evident in the young person’s thoughts and feelings about making a long-term commitment to an intimate partner and in close, mutually gratifying friendships.

Question 19

Social Clock

Answer 19

Age-graded expectations for major life events, such as beginning the first job, getting married, the birth of the first child, buying a home, and retiring.

Question 20

Triangular Theory of Love (Robert Sternberg)

Answer 20

Three components include passion, intimacy, and commitment that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop.

Question 21

Passionate Love

Answer 21

Intense sexual attraction and romance - the physical and psychological-arousal component.

Question 22

Companionate Love

Answer 22

Warm, trusting affection and valuing of the other.

Question 23

Compassionate Love

Answer 23

Concern for the other’s well-being is expressed through caring efforts to alleviate the other’s distress and promote the other’s growth and flourishing.

Question 24

Intimacy

Answer 24

The emotional component, consisting of warm, tender communication and caring, self-disclosure, plus a desire for the partner to reciprocate.

Question 25

Family Life Cycle

Answer 25

A series of phases characterizing the development of most families around the world; leaving home, joining of families in marriage, marital roles, marital satisfaction, parenthood,

Question 26

Traditional Marriages

Answer 26

Involve clear division of roles - husband. as head of household responsible for family economic well-being, wife as caregiver and homemaker – still exist in Western nations.

Question 27

Egalitarian Marriages

Answer 27

Partners relate as equals, sharing power and authority. Both try to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations, their children, and their relationship.

Question 28

Cohabitation

Answer 28

refers to the lifestyle of unmarried couples who have a sexually intimate relationship and who share a residence.