Ch 7 & 8 Early Childhood

Question 1

Dominant Cerebral Hemisphere

Answer 1

Handedness reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out a skilled motor action.

Question 2

Cerebellum

Answer 2

The rear and base of the brain - a structure that aids in balance and control of body movement.

Question 3

Reticular Formation

Answer 3

A structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness

Question 4

Amygdala

Answer 4

Plays a central role in the processing of novelty and emotional information. Throughout childhood and adolescence, connections between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, which govern the regulation of emotion, form, and myelinate.

Question 5

hippocampus

Answer 5

Located in the inner brain, adjacent to the amygdala, plays a vital role in memory and in images of space that help us find our way.

Question 6

The Corpus Callosum

Answer 6

A large bundle of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres.

Question 7

Pituitary Gland

Answer 7

Located at the base of the brain, which plays a crucial role by releasing two hormones that induce growth.

Question 8

Growth Hormone

Answer 8

Necessary for the development of almost all body tissues.

Question 9

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

Answer 9

A second pituitary gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development and for GH to have a full impact on body size.

Question 10

Preoperational Stage

Answer 10

Spans years 2 to 7, the most obvious change is an extraordinary increase in representational or symbolic activity. Mental representations and capabilities blossom.

Question 11

Sociodramatic Play

Answer 11

Children combine schemes with those of peers; make-believe play is underway by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood.

Question 12

Dual Representation

Answer 12

Viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol.

Question 13

Egocentrism

Answer 13

Failure to distinguish others’ symbolic viewpoints from one’s own.

Question 14

Conservation

Answer 14

Refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes.

Question 15

Centration

Answer 15

Children focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.

Question 16

Irreversibility

Answer 16

An inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point.

Question 17

Hierarchical Classification

Answer 17

Organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences.

Question 18

Scaffolding

Answer 18

Adjusting the support offered during teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance.

Question 19

Private Speech

Answer 19

Children’s self-directed speech is used more when tasks are appropriately challenging, after making errors, or when confused about how to proceed (whispers or silent lip movements). Children who use it are more attentive and involved and show better task performance than their less talkative agemates.

Question 20

Guided Participation

Answer 20

A broader concept from scaffolding. It refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication.

Question 21

Memory Strategies

Answer 21

Deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering