Ch. 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood Flashcards
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable, and reliable, they will develop a sense of trust which will carry with them to other relationships, and they will be able to feel secure even when threatened.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children at this stage are focused on developing a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of will.
Basic Emotions
Happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust – are all universal emotions.
Social Smile
When the baby smiles in response to parents’ smiles (6 to 10 weeks).
Stranger Anxiety
Most frequent expression of fear to unfamiliar adults (after 6 months).
Secure Base
Infants use a familiar caregiver as a point from which to explore, venturing into the environment and returning for emotional support.
Social Referencing
Infants actively seek emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation.
Self-Conscious Emotions
Humans are capable of a second, higher-order st of feelings, including guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. Each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
Emotional Self-Regulation
Refers to the strategies we used to adjust our emotional state to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals.
Temperament
Early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Reactivity refers to the quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Self-regulation refers to strategies that modify reactivity.
Easy Child (Thomas and Chess’s Model of Temperament)
Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences.
Difficult child
Is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely.
Slow-to-warm-up child
Is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood and adjusts slowly to new experiences.
Effortful Control (Rothbart’s Model of Temperament)
The capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response.
Inhibited or shy Children
React negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli
Uninhibited or Sociable children
Display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli.
Goodness-of-Fit Model (Thomas and Chess)
Explains how temperament and environment can together produce favorable outcomes. The goodness of fit involves creating child-rearing environments that recognized each child’s temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.
Attachment
A strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress.
Bowlby’s Ethological Theory of Attachment
Recognizes that an infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival.
Separation Anxiety
When babies become upset when their trusted caregiver leaves.
Internal working model
Expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress. The internal working model becomes a vital part of the personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.
Strange Situation (Mary Ainsworth)
A study reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar playroom. In addition when the parent leaves, an unfamiliar adult should be less comforting than the parent. The strange situation takes the baby through eight short episodes in which brief separations and reunions with the parent occur.
Secure Attachment
Infants use the parent as a secure base. when separated, they may or may not cry, but if they do, it is because the parent is absent and they prefer her to a stranger. When the parent returns, they convey clear pleasure – some expressing joy from a distance, others asking to be held – and crying is reduced immediately.
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
Infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. When she leaves they usually are not distressed, and they react to the stranger in much the same way as the parent. During the reunion, they avoid or are slow to gree the parent, and when picked up, they fail to cling.
