Chapter 13

Question 1

Conflict

Answer 1

disagreement that occurs when the actions or beliefs of one or more members of the
group are unacceptable to and resisted by one or more of the other members. Follows a cycle:
disagreement > conflict > escalation –> de-escalation > resolution.

• Intergroup conflict = conflict between two or more groups.
• Intragroup conflict = conflict within a group.

Question 2

Intergroup conflict

Answer 2

conflict between two or more groups.

Question 3

Intragroup conflict

Answer 3

conflict within a group.

Question 4

Causes of conflicts

Answer 4

Most common sources of conflicts:
 (1) competition
(2) conflicts over the distribution of
resources
(3) power struggles
(4) task and process conflicts
(5) personal conflicts.

Question 5

Mixed-motive situations

Answer 5

performance setting in which the interdependence
among interactants involves both competitive and cooperative goal structures. 
They stimulate conflict, because they tempt individuals to compete rather than
cooperate (e.g. Prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG) = players must make either
cooperative or competitive choices in order to win).

Question 6

Prisoner’s dilemma game (PDG)

Answer 6

players must make either

cooperative or competitive choices in order to win

Question 7

Behavioral assimilation

Answer 7

the eventual matching of the behaviors displayed by
cooperating or competing group members. Is caused by the norm of reciprocity;
competition sparks competition (negative reciprocity), and cooperation provokes
cooperation (positive reciprocity).

Question 8

social value orientation

SVO

Answer 8

tendency to respond to conflict settings in a proself or prosocial way; co-
operators tend to make choices that benefit both parties, whereas competitors act
to maximize their own outcomes. Four kinds of people:
1. Individualists: are proself and concerned only with their own outcomes.
2. Competitors: are proself and strive to maximize their own outcomes, but
they also seek to minimize others’ outcomes.
3. Co-operators: are both prosocial and proself, so strive to maximize both their
own outcomes and others’ outcomes.
4. Altruists: are prosocial but not proself, so are motivated to help others who
are in need.

Question 9

Individualists

Answer 9

are proself and concerned only with their own outcomes.

Question 10

Competitors

Answer 10

are proself and strive to maximize their own outcomes, but

they also seek to minimize others’ outcomes.

Question 11

Co-operators

Answer 11

are both prosocial and proself, so strive to maximize both their
own outcomes and others’ outcomes.

Question 12

Altruists

Answer 12

are prosocial but not proself, so are motivated to help others who
are in need.

Question 13

commons dilemma / social trap

Answer 13

social dilemma
when individuals can maximize their outcome by seeking personal goals rather than
the collective goals, but if too many individuals act selfishly, then all members of the
collective will experience losses

Question 14

free-riding, and public goods dilemma

Answer 14

social dilemma when one may/may not contribute any resources in support of a public
good but also cannot be excluded for failing to contribute

Question 15

negative inequity

Answer 15

being sensitive to unfair distributions

Question 16

Balance theory

Answer 16

group members will respond negatively when they disagree with
those they like or agree with those they dislike. Conflict is greatest when group
members both disagree with and dislike each other.

Question 17

Why does conflict escalate:

Answer 17

• Commitment: becoming more committed to a position when defending viewpoints in group
  setting.
• Misperception: misperceive others and assume that the other party’s behavior is caused by
  personal (dispositional) rather than situational (environmental) factors (e.g., fundamental
  attribution error).
• Tactics: members shift from soft to hard tactics.
• Negative reciprocity
• Angry emotions
• The formation of coalitions

Question 18

Group members managing conflicts through:

Answer 18

Negotiation

Actively communicating information about motives and goals

Dual concern model = four tactics of dealing with conflicts that differ along the dimensions
(1) Concern for self, and (2) Concern for others:

1. Avoiding
2. Yielding
3. Fighting
4. Cooperating

Responding to competition with tit-for-tat (TFT) strategy

Expressing positive emotions

Using third-party interventions

Question 19

distributive negotiation

Answer 19

dividing up resources

Question 20

integrative

negotiation

Answer 20

identifying the issues underlying the conflict and working together to find a
solution that is satisfying to all parties

Question 21

Dual concern model

Answer 21

four tactics of dealing with conflicts that differ along the dimensions

(1) Concern for self, and (2) Concern for others:
1. Avoiding: passive way to deal with conflict.
2. Yielding: passive, prosocial way to deal with conflict.
3. Fighting: active, proself way to deal with conflict.
4. Cooperating: active, prosocial way to deal with conflict.

• Personal conflicts may not yield to cooperative negotiations, but more to the
  avoiding method

Question 22

tit-for-tat (TFT) strategy

Answer 22

bargaining strategy that begins
with cooperation, but then imitates the other person’s choice so that cooperation is met
with cooperation and competition with competition.

Question 23

Mediating: can be done in three ways:

Answer 23

1. Inquisitorial procedure = mediator questions the two parties and then hands
   down a verdict that the two parties must accept.
2. Arbitration = disputants present their arguments to the mediator, who then
   basis his decision on the information they provide.
3. Moot = disputants and mediator openly and informally discuss problems and
   solutions, but the mediator can make no binding decisions

Question 24

Inquisitorial procedure

Answer 24

mediator questions the two parties and then hands

down a verdict that the two parties must accept.

Question 25

Arbitration

Answer 25

disputants present their arguments to the mediator, who then

basis his decision on the information they provide

Question 26

Moot

Answer 26

disputants and mediator openly and informally discuss problems and
solutions, but the mediator can make no binding decisions