Chapter 13-1 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is cleavage plane?

A

It is a surface along which a mineral cleanily splits.

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1
Q

What is a rock?

A

a naturally-formed solid made of one or more minerals

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2
Q

What is a mineral?

What does “crystalline” mean?

A

a solid, naturally occurring, crystalline object with a defined chemical composition

Crystalline means arranged in a clear repeating pattern.

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3
Q

How many minerals are on Earth?

A

There are more than 4,000 minerals on Earth.

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4
Q

What is Mohs hardness scale? How does it work?

A

a scale to identify minerals based on their hardness or resistance to being scratched.

You rate how hard it is compared to 10 “index” minerals that range from talc (least hard) to diamonds (hardest). “Harder” minerals can scratch softer or equal minerals

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5
Q

What is Mohs hardness scale? How does it work?

A

a scale to identify minerals based on their hardness or resistance to being scratched.

You rate how hard it is compared to 10 “index” minerals that range from talc (least hard) to diamonds (hardest). “Harder” minerals can scratch softer or equal minerals

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7
Q

What is igneous rock? What affects the size of minerals in it?

A

a rock formed from the cooling and crystallizing of magma or lava. How fast the magma cools affects the size of minerals in the rock.

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8
Q

What is sedimentary rock?

A

a rock made of sediments that are cemented together by pressure and chemical changes. Pressure and chemical changes cement the tiny rock particles together to form a rock.

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8
Q

What is metamorphic rock?

A

a rock formed from another rock because of heat and pressure.

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9
Q

What is sediment?

A

small rock particles, minerals, and bits of once-living things.

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10
Q

What is crystallization?

A

the process by which crystals form and grow in size.

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11
Q

What is Basalt?

A

a dark-colored igneous rock with fine crystals. Formed from lava that is not silica-rich. This rock forms oceanic crust.

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12
Q

What is granite?

A

an igneous rock with large, visible crystals. Formed from silica-rich magma. This rock forms continental crust.

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13
Q

What is a extrusive rock?

A

an igneous rock that cools outside of Earth’s crust.

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15
Q

What is an intrusive rock?

A

an igneous rock that cools inside of Earth’s crust.

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16
Q

What is a compaction?

A

the process by which sediment is pressed together as more and more layers or beds of sediment form on top of each other.

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17
Q

What is a cementation?

A

the process by which sediment particles are “glued” together to make a sedimentary rock.

18
Q

How are rocks formed?

A

When lava or magma solidifies.

19
Q

What materials cause rocks to crack or break into small little pieces?

A

Sunlight, wind, water, ice, and changing weather.

20
Q

What motion does sediment move?

A

It moves downhill due to gravity.

21
Q

How much % does sedimentary rocks cover the land?

A

75%.

22
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed?

A

When an existing rock is heated and squeezed under pressure.

23
Q

What are low-grade metamorphism?

A

under conditions of low temperature and pressure.

24
Q

What is contact metamorphism?

A

Rocks formed that are heated.

25
Q

What are high-grade metamorphism?

A

involves high pressure and either low or high temperatures.

26
Q

What are examples of two minerals made only of Carbon?

A

Graphite (like in pencil lead) and diamond (like on rings)

27
Q

What are the two most abundant elements in earth’s atmosphere?

A

oxygen and silicon

28
Q

When oxygen and silicon combine, what do they form?

A

minerals called silicates

29
Q

How are minerals made?

A

Different processes:

1) Cooling magma: When underground magma is cooling into granite rock, different minerals crystallize
2) Water evaporation: When water containing dissolved minerals evaporates.

30
Q

What are the main minerals in a piece of granite?

A

Feldspar and quartz crystals are the main crystals; mica and hornblende crystals are also visible

31
Q

What causes existing minerals to change into other minerals?

A

heat, pressure, and chemical reactions.

32
Q

What is mica?

A

Mica is composed of a silicon-oxygen compound called silicon dioxide (silica) with iron, magnesium, and sodium

33
Q

Describe feldspar

A

1) Most abundant mineral in Earth’s crust
2) Made of silica with sodium, calcium, and potassium
3) Has two cleavage planes

34
Q

Describe Horneblende

A

1) Also found in granite
2) dark mineral made of silicon, oxygen, and calcium along with iron, magnesium, or aluminum.
3) Has two cleavage planes

35
Q

Describe Quartz

A

1) Second-most abundant mineral in earth’s crust
2) Glisten as if they are wet or oily
3) no cleavage planes
4) made of silica
5) used in glassmaking

36
Q

How could you test the hardness of a mineral?

A

Example: a fingernail scratches gypsum, but gypsum does not scratch the fingernail. The fingernail is scratched by calcite. What is the hardness of fingernail? (Answer: More than 2 but less than 3)

See chart on page 306

37
Q

What is the streak plate test?

A

A way to identify minerals. If you buy a bunch of minerals, often it comes with a white plate/tile that you can scratch with the mineral; the color the mineral leaves behind on the tile helps you identify the mineral.

38
Q

What are the three groups of rocks and how are they classified?

A

They are classified based on how the rock formed.

1) igneous rocks form when molten rock (lava or magma) cools and becomes solid
2) sedimentary rocks form from pieces of other rocks, bits of once-living things, or minerals. Those pieces get moved around by water and wind and eventually settle into layers to form new rock.
3) metamorphic rocks form from other rocks by heat and pressure.

39
Q

How old are the oldest rocks? Are all rocks that old?

A

4 billion years for the oldest. Some are as young as a million years old

40
Q

What does metamorphic mean?

A

“changed form”

41
Q

Give an example of a metamorphic rock

A

limestone – it is altered by heat and pressure to form marble. Lots of times, the movement of Earth’s lithospheric plates causes the heat and pressure that changes metamorphic rock

42
Q

What are all the tests you can use to test a mineral?

A
  • cleavage planes
  • streak test
  • Mohs hardness scale

also:

  • density
  • luster (how it reflects light)
  • magnetism
  • acid test – what happens when you react it with acid?