Chapter 13 1/2

Question 1

attributions

Answer 1

judgements about the causes of our own and other pals behaviour and outcomes

Question 2

personal (internal) attributions

Answer 2

infer that people’s behaviour is caused by their characteristics

Question 3

situational (external) attributions

Answer 3

infer that aspects of the situation cause a behaviour

Question 4

fundamental attribution error

Answer 4

underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other peoples behaviour

Question 5

self-serving bias

Answer 5

making relatively more personal attributions for successes and more situational attributions for failures

Question 6

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 6

occurs usually without conscious awareness, when peoples incorrect expectations lead them to act towards others in a way that brings about the expected behaviours, confirms go impression

Question 7

attitude

Answer 7

pos or neg evaluation reaction toward a stimulus such as person, action, object, concept

Question 8

theory of planned behaviour

Answer 8

our intention to engage in a behaviour is strongest when we have a pos attitude toward that behaviour, when subjective norms support our attitudes, and when we believe that the behaviour is under control

Question 9

theory of cognitive dissonance

Answer 9

ppl strive for consistency in their cognitions

Question 10

self-perception theory

Answer 10

we make inferences about our own attitudes in much the same way: by observing how we behave

Question 11

communicator credibility

Answer 11

how believable the communicator is often the key to effective persuasion

Question 12

central route to persuasion

Answer 12

when ppl think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling

Question 13

peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 13

when ppl do not scrutinize the message but are influenced mostly by other factors, such as a speaker’s attractiveness or a message’s emotional appeal

Question 14

social facilitation

Answer 14

an increased tendency to perform one’s dominant response in the mere presence of other

Question 15

social norms

Answer 15

shared expectations about how people should think, feel, behave, and they are the cement that binds social systems together

Question 16

social role

Answer 16

consists of a set of norms that characterizes how ppl in a given social position ought to behave

Question 17

informational social influence

Answer 17

following opinions and behaviour of other ppl bc we believe they have accurate knowledge and what they are doing is right

Question 18

normative social influence

Answer 18

may conform to obtain rewards that come from being accepted by other ppl, while at the same time avoiding their rejection

Question 19

norm of reciprocity

Answer 19

involves the expectation that when others treat us well, we should response in kind

Question 20

door-in-the-face technique

Answer 20

persuader makes a large request, expects you to reject it, then presents a smaller request

Question 21

foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 21

persuader gets you to comply w a small request first and later presents a larger request

Question 22

lowballing

Answer 22

persuader gets you to commit to some action and then before you actually perform the behaviour, they increase the “cost” of that same behaviour

Question 23

social loafing

Answer 23

tendency for ppl to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone

Question 24

group polarization

Answer 24

when a group of like0minded ppl discuss and issue, whether face to face or electronically, the “average” opinion of group members tends to be more extreme

Question 25

groupthink

Answer 25

tendency for group members to suspend critical thinking bc they are striving to seek agreement

Question 26

social comparison

Answer 26

comparing our beliefs, feelings, and behaviours with those of other ppl

Question 27

mere exposure effect

Answer 27

repeated exposure to a stimulus typically increases our liking for it

Question 28

matching effect

Answer 28

we are most likely to have a dating partner or spouse whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own

Question 29

social exchange theory

Answer 29

the course of a relationship is governed by rewards and costs that the partners experience

Question 30

passionate love

Answer 30

intense emotion, arousal, and yearning for the partner

Question 31

companionate love

Answer 31

affection, deep caring about the partner’s wellbeing and a commitment to being there for the other

Question 32

triangular theory of love

Answer 32

focuses on intimacy, commitment, and passion

Question 33

cognitive-arousal of love

Answer 33

the passionate component of love has interacting cognitive and physiological components

Question 34

transfer of excitation

Answer 34

emotional arousal actually caused by some other factor may sometimes be misinterpreted as love

Question 35

realistic conflict theory

Answer 35

competition for limited resources fosters prejudice

Question 36

social identity theory

Answer 36

prejudice stems from a need to enhance our self-esteem

Question 37

stereotype threat

Answer 37

stereotypes create fear and self-consciousness among stereotyped group members that they will “live up” to other people’s stereotypes

Question 38

equal status contact

Answer 38

prejudice between people is most likely to be reduced when they (1) engage in sustained close contact, (2) have equal status, (3_) work to achieve a common goal that requires cooperation, (4) supported by broader social norms

Question 39

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 39

altruism does exist, and it is produced by empathy, the ability to put oneself in the place of another and to share what that person is experiencing

Question 40

negative state relief model

Answer 40

proposes, high empathy causes us to feel distress when we learn of other’s suffering, so by helping them we reduce our own personal distress, a self-focused goal, not altruistic

Question 41

just world hypothesis

Answer 41

because people want to view the world as fair, they perceive that ppl get what they deserve and deserve wat they get

Question 42

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 42

(1)frustration inevitably leads to aggression, (2) all aggression is the result of frustratoin

Question 43

catharsis

Answer 43

performing an act of aggression discharges aggressive energy and temporarily reduces our impulse to aggress