Chapter 12.4 Flashcards
Is homeostasis and equilibrium the same thing
- no
- >for example, sodium concentrations are much higher outside the neuron than inside but that is all part of homeostasis
What is anabolism? What is catabolism?
Anabolism
- > the synthesis of biomolecules
- > occurs after a meal
Catabolism
->the breakdown of biomolecules
What are the three major targets for insulin
-they are muscle, adopose tissue and the liver
How does insulin affect glycogen storage
- it increases it in the muscles and the liver
- > after glycogen is filled up, the liver converts excess glucose to fatty acids
- > the muscles synthesize proteins and adipose tissue also synthesizes triacylglycerols
What two types of cells are insensitive to insulin
-nervous tissue and red blood cells are insensitive to insilin
How does the nervous system make energy
-it derives energy from oxidizing glucose to CO2 and water in both the well fed and fasting states
How does the red blood cell make energy
- it only uses glucose anaerobically for all the energy needs
- > regardless of t he individual’s metabolic state
How does a decrease in insulin and an increase in epinepherine affect amino acid levels in the skeletal muscle and fatty acid levels in adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
->releases fatty acids from the adipose tissue
Skeletal muscle
->releases amino acids from the skeletal muscle
Describe the characteristics of fasting, starting with high levels of glucagon and epinepherine
- after about 24 hours, gluconeogenesis is the primary source of glucose
- lipolysis is rapid, resulting in excess acetyl-CoA, which is used in the synthesis of ketone bodies
- once levels of fatty acids are high in the blood, muscle tissue will utilize fatty acids as its major fuel source
- brain will adapt to using ketones for energy
-note cells like red blood cells continue to be dependent on glucose
