Chapter 12 Review

Question 1

The ________ perspective emphasizes that personality involves a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental processes.

a. psychodynamic
b. social cognitive
c. humanistic
d. trait

Answer 1

a. Psychodynamic

Question 2

Freud believed that all ________ functioned indirectly and unconsciously.

a. psychosexual stages
b. defense mechanisms
c. structures of the personality
d. developmental stages

Answer 2

b. Defense Mechanisms

Question 3

Anis usually acts so sure of himself that few people realize he’s actually filled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Anis best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as

a. regression.
b. projection.
c. displacement.
d. reaction formation.

Answer 3

d. Reaction Formation

Question 4

Abraham Maslow suggested that individuals who are open, spontaneous, and not paralyzed by others’ opinions illustrate

a. extraversion.
b. unconditional positive regard.
c. self-actualization.
d. conscientiousness.

Answer 4

c. Self- Actualization

Question 5

Humanistic psychology has been most closely associated with an emphasis on the importance of

a. erogenous zones.
b. unconscious motives.
c. a positive self-concept.
d. defense mechanisms.

Answer 5

c. A Positive Self-Concept.

Question 6

The use of personality inventories are associated with which personality theory?

a. psychodynamic
b. humanistic
c. trait
d. social-cognitive

Answer 6

c. Trait

Question 7

Joanna is very serious about her work as a teacher. She rarely misses work, attends every meeting prepared to make a contribution, and is never behind in grading her students’ work. Which Big Five trait is Joanna illustrating?

a. neuroticism
b. extraversion
c. conscientiousness
d. agreeableness

Answer 7

c. Conscientiousness

Question 8

Research on different brain regions and Big Five traits indicate that those who score high on conscientiousness

a. have a larger frontal lobe area.
b. have a smaller frontal lobe area.
c. are wired to experience intense imagination.
d. have a more active amygdala.

Answer 8

a. Have a Larger Frontal Lobe Area

Question 9

The ________ perspective on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another.

a. psychoanalytic
b. trait
c. humanistic
d. social-cognitive

Answer 9

d. Social - Cognitive

Question 10

A major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective is that it

a. does not focus enough on situational influences.
b. fails to consider situational influences.
c. focuses too much on the person

’

s inner traits.
d. fails to consider the person

’

s inner traits.

Answer 10

d. Fails to consider the person’s inner traits

Question 11

As the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, the self is considered to be

a. the center of personality.
b. a result of environmental influences.
c. a product of gene-environment interaction.
d. a narcissistic trait.

Answer 11

a. The center of personality

Question 12

Brandy always makes a good first impression, but she is extremely arrogant and brags frequently. These are all characteristics of

a. agreeableness.
b. extraversion.
c. narcissism.
d. openness.

Answer 12

c. Narcissism.

Question 13

The role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders is most clearly emphasized by the ________ perspective.

a. trait
b. social-cognitive
c. psychoanalytic
d. humanistic

Answer 13

c. Psychoanalytic

Question 14

The Oedipus complex becomes evident in which of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?

a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. latency

Answer 14

c. Phallic

Question 15

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of ________ in personality functioning.

a. inferiority feelings
b. psychosexual stages
c. the collective unconscious
d. defense mechanisms

Answer 15

c. The Collective Unconscious

Question 16

Modern researchers refer to Freud’s idea of projection as the false consensus effect. They also maintain that it

a. is intended to disguise one

’

s own threatening impulses.
b. aims to lock the person

’

s pleasure-seeking energies at an unresolved stage.
c. removes anxiety-arousing wishes and feelings from consciousness.
d. is motivated by our need to maintain a positive self-image.

Answer 16

d. is motivated by our need to maintain a positive self-image

Question 17

Which theory is more interested in describing traits than in explaining them?

a. humanistic theory
b. social-cognitive theory
c. trait theory
d. psychodynamic theory

Answer 17

c. Trait Theory

Question 18

Which of the following psychologists was concerned with describing personality traits?

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Albert Bandura
c. Alfred Binet
d. Gordon Allport

Answer 18

d. Gordon Allport

Question 19

One of the Big Five personality factors is

a. emotional stability.
b. self-image.
c. agreeableness.
d. self-esteem.

Answer 19

c. Agreeableness.

Question 20

As we grow older

a. our personality stabilizes.
b. our personality changes drastically.
c. we become more agreeable.
d. we become more extraverted.

Answer 20

a. Our Personality Stabilizes.

Question 21

Our feelings of high or low self-worth are referred to as our

a. narcissism.
b. self-esteem.
c. optimism.
d. self-efficacy.

Answer 21

b. Self-Esteem

Question 22

People who are more likely to avoid romantic commitments

a. have a sense of self-efficacy.
b. are narcissistic.
c. are empathic.
d. experience the spotlight effect.

Answer 22

d. Experience the spotlight effect