Chapter 12: Properties Of Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What is density?

A

The mass per unit volume of a material

ρ=mass/volume
Mass in kg, volume in m^3

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2
Q

What is Hooke’s Law in words?

A

The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it up to the object’s limit of proportionality
F=ke

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3
Q

What is Hooke’s Law?

A

F=ke
Force in Newtons
Extension in metres
Spring constant in N/m

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4
Q

What is a spring constant?

A

A measure of how hard it is to bend or stretch a spring.
It defines the stiffness of a spring as the force required for a unit extension of the spring (N/m).
A large k means the spring is stiff.

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5
Q

What are compressive forces?

A

Forces that tend to squeeze an object and reduce its size in the direction that the forces are applied.

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6
Q

What are tensile forces?

A

Forces that act to pull or stretch an object.

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7
Q

What is extension?

A

The length a material has stretched when a load is added.
extension= stretched length - original length

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8
Q

What is the limit of proportionality?

A

The endpoint of the linear section of a force extension graph after which extension is no longer proportional to the load.

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9
Q

What is the elastic limit?

A

The force above which a material is permanently deformed (plastically deformed).
… and below which the material will return to its original length when the load is removed.

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10
Q

What is elastic deformation?

A

When a material will return to its original shape once the applied forces are removed

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11
Q

What is plastic/inelastic deformation?

A

When a material does not return to its original shape once the applied forces are removed. It is permanently deformed.

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12
Q

What is ductility?

A

The ability of a material to be formed into wires by stretching them. It is an example of plastic deformation.

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13
Q

How does a brittle material act?

A

Shows little or no plastic deformation before breaking (once the elastic limit is exceeded), eg glass.

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14
Q

How do ductile materials fracture?

A

The material will elongate and ‘neck’ before breaking (plastic region on graph).

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15
Q

How does a brittle material fracture?

A

No change of shape as it does not plastically deform; straight break in the material.

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16
Q

What is elastic strain energy?

A

Energy stored in a material that is equivalent to the work done in stretching the material.

17
Q

How do you calculate elastic strain energy?

A

Area under a force extension graph

Energy stored= (Fe)/2

18
Q

How does strain energy differ when a rubber band is loaded and unloaded?

A

Strain energy stored is greater when it’s being loaded than when unloaded (it becomes warmer as it stretches and relaxed).

19
Q

What happens to extension when two springs in connected in series or parallel?

A

Series: extension doubles
Parallel: extension halves

20
Q

What is tensile stress?

A

A measurement of the force applied over cross-sectional area of a material.

tensile stress=force/cross-sectional area
σ= F/A
Force in Newtons, Area in m^2, σ in Pa

21
Q

What is tensile strain?

A

The ratio of extension to original length of a material

tensile strain= extension/original length
Ɛ=x/l
Extension (x) in m, length in m, Ɛ dimensionless

22
Q

What is Young Modulus?

A

A measure of stiffness of an elastic material and does not depend on the dimensions of the sample being tested. Measured in Pa or N/m^2

23
Q

What is the equation for Young modulus?

A

Young modulus = stress/ strain
E= σ/Ɛ
Young modulus= Fl/Ax

24
Q

How is the Young Modulus found using a stress strain graph?

A

Gradient of the straight line part of the graph (up to LoP).

25
Q

What is the ultimate tensile stress/strength of a material?

A

The greatest stress a material can withstand before breaking.

26
Q

What is creep?

A

A property some metals have in which extension increases over time even though stress applied is not increased.