Chapter 12: Properties Of Materials Flashcards
What is density?
The mass per unit volume of a material
ρ=mass/volume
Mass in kg, volume in m^3
What is Hooke’s Law in words?
The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it up to the object’s limit of proportionality
F=ke
What is Hooke’s Law?
F=ke
Force in Newtons
Extension in metres
Spring constant in N/m
What is a spring constant?
A measure of how hard it is to bend or stretch a spring.
It defines the stiffness of a spring as the force required for a unit extension of the spring (N/m).
A large k means the spring is stiff.
What are compressive forces?
Forces that tend to squeeze an object and reduce its size in the direction that the forces are applied.
What are tensile forces?
Forces that act to pull or stretch an object.
What is extension?
The length a material has stretched when a load is added.
extension= stretched length - original length
What is the limit of proportionality?
The endpoint of the linear section of a force extension graph after which extension is no longer proportional to the load.
What is the elastic limit?
The force above which a material is permanently deformed (plastically deformed).
… and below which the material will return to its original length when the load is removed.
What is elastic deformation?
When a material will return to its original shape once the applied forces are removed
What is plastic/inelastic deformation?
When a material does not return to its original shape once the applied forces are removed. It is permanently deformed.
What is ductility?
The ability of a material to be formed into wires by stretching them. It is an example of plastic deformation.
How does a brittle material act?
Shows little or no plastic deformation before breaking (once the elastic limit is exceeded), eg glass.
How do ductile materials fracture?
The material will elongate and ‘neck’ before breaking (plastic region on graph).
How does a brittle material fracture?
No change of shape as it does not plastically deform; straight break in the material.