Chapter 12 - Personality Psychology

Question 1

gordon allport

Answer 1

an american psychologist and the younger brother of floyd allport

Question 2

hugo munsterberg

Answer 2

argued there were 2 types of psychology.
- casual and objective psychology that describes people as object in a mechanistic, general way
- purposeful and subjective psychology that focuses on human experiences and humans as unique beings

Question 3

william stern

Answer 3

a supporter of personalistic psychology, in which the central concept is “the person” and the goal is to understand the individuality of a person

Question 4

two ways of approaching personalistic psychology

Answer 4

• relational individuality: defined by measuring an individuals relative or statistical position on a wide range of character traits
• real individuality: is an approach where the unique self if more than the sum of the individual characteristics (similar to gestalt)

Question 5

allport’s 4 domains of psychological traits

Answer 5

• intelligence
• temperament
• self-expression
• sociality

Question 6

functional anatomy (allport)

Answer 6

personality traits develop independently of what happened in the past (contrasts freud)
- nomothetic and idiographic methods

Question 7

nomothetic method/approach

Answer 7

compares people to other people on a set of standard questions or traits. often numerically determined, assumes general laws that apply to everyone

Question 8

raymond catell

Answer 8

engaged in the use of factor analysis: a statistical procedure that reduces the correlation between a larger number of individual variables to smaller factors/clusters
- developed 16 personality factors questionnaires

Question 9

hans eysenck

Answer 9

reduced individual traits to 3 factors and developed PEN model (psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism)

Question 10

mischel

Answer 10

person-situation controversy, he said that situations are more important than personality in determining how people act

Question 11

idiographic method/approach

Answer 11

study of behavior that makes the individual unique, it is a more qualitative method

Question 12

christina morgan and henry murray

Answer 12

developed thematic apperception test, in which subjects are asked about the underlying meaning of an ambivalent image. their answers should reflect their real self

Question 13

what are the subjects motivated by

Answer 13

achievement, relatedness, power and autonomy

Question 14

abraham maslow

Answer 14

come up with self-actualization: fully developing our personal potential

Question 15

aha-experience (max wertheimer)

Answer 15

this is the moment a person sees a situation in a new light, it is a positive experience

Question 16

maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 16

five general categories of needs, in the form of a hierarchy
- self- actualization
- esteem
- love and belonging
- safety needs
- physiological needs

Question 17

carl rogers

Answer 17

a client-centred psychotherapist who used reflection. here the client if central, and the therapist has a reflective role

Question 18

rollo may

Answer 18

developed existential psychotherapy, which emphasised the search for the meaning of life

Question 19

humanistic psychology

Answer 19

maslow, rogers and may together established humanistic psychology. the focus of this psychology is on positive motivation and healthy human beings

Question 20

mature religion

Answer 20

being spritual, connecting to the world and doing good

Question 21

immature religion

Answer 21

the religion which allows you to distinguish yourself from others

Question 22

which needs are the deprivation needs

Answer 22

• physiological needs
• safety needs
• love and belonging
• esteem

Question 23

positive psychology

Answer 23

an alternative movement that actively focuses on the good things in life
- formed by Seligman