Chapter 12 Flashcards
Intelligence (Binet and Simon’s 1905 definition)
A fundamental faculty, the alteration or lack of which is of the upmost importance for practical life.
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that derives a number of underlying factors that may explain the structure of a set of correlations. Led to general and specific intelligence.
General intelligence (g)
The part of intelligence that is common to all abilities.
Crystallized intelligence
The body of what someone has learned; may continue to increase throughout life.
Fluid intelligence
The ability to think flexibly; may increase in youth but levels off as we mature.
Education (Spearman)
Literally, drawing out. General intelligence may be the ability to draw out the relationships that apply in a novel situation.
Raven Progressive Matrices
A set of problems that constitutes the most widely accepted test of g.
Working memory capacity
The theory that working memory capacity and g are closely related.
Neural plasticity
Changes in neuronal circuitry often associated with maturation, environmental adaptation, and modulation by experience which may lead to learning and behavioural modification.
Dedicated intelligence
Intelligence associated with domain-specific modules that would have evolved to solve recurring problems.
Improvisational intelligence
Flexible intelligence that would have evolved to deal with relatively unique, unpredictable problems.
Flynn effect
An increase in IQ scores over historical time. May have to do with the fact that the environment is now enriched which enables potential g to become actual g.
Intellectual components (Sternberg)
Elementary information processes that operate on internal representations of objects or symbols. (Metacomponents, performance components, knowledge acquisition components).
Metacomponents (Sternberg)
Executive processes used in planning, monitoring, and decision-making in task performance.
Performance components (Sternberg)
The processes that are used in the execution of a task.
Knowledge acquisition components (Sternberg)
Processes concerned with learning and storing new information.
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory consisting of analytic, practical, and creative intelligence. People aren’t usually high in all three intelligence categories in the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, but one or two. Many people are higher in different areas of intelligence, some that differ from the norm but they still are intelligent!
Analytical intelligence
The ability to solve relatively straightforward problems; considered to be general intelligence.
Creative intelligence
The ability to reason using novel concepts and non-entrenched concepts.
Entrenched vs. non-entrenched concepts
Entrenched concepts strike us as natural and easy to reason with; whereas non-entrenched concepts strike us as unnatural and difficult to reason with.
Practical intelligence
The ability to find problem solutions in real-world, everyday solutions.
Multiple intelligences (Gardner)
The hypothesis that intelligence consists not of one underlying ability but of many different abilities. Evidence includes prodigies in certain disciplines but not others, the development of experts in certain fields, and different symbol systems used for representing intelligence.
Symbol systems
Different forms of representation, such as drawing, music, and mathematics, that express different forms of intelligence.
U-shaped development
The hypothesis that the development of many symbolic forms initially is delightfully pre-conventional, then descends to the merely conventional, but ultimately may achieve the integration of the post-conventional. Think drawing.
Ur-song
The hypothetical first song that all children would spontaneously sing.
Mid-life crisis of musicians (Bamberger)
As music students become adolescents, they may feel a tension between their increasingly explicit understanding of music and the spontaneous love of music they had as children, leading them to quit.
10-year rule
The hypothesis that roughly 10 years of intense practice is necessary in order to become an expert in a domain.
Creativity
The production of novel, socially valued products.
Problem-finding (Getzels)
The ability to discover new problems, their methods and solutions. A form of creativity.
Blind variation (Campbell)
The generation of alternative problem solutions without foresight. We solve problems by just coming up with random solutions and as they evolve, random variations in our solutions occur and they eventually help
us solve the problem we are working on.
Chance permutations
Different combinations of mental elements produced according to no set rule.
Alternate uses test (Barron)
A test that asks people to list uncommon uses for common objects.
Associative hierarchy
The idea that the associations used for problem-solving are arranged in a hierarchy, and that creative people not only have more associations than most, but have them arranged in “flatter” hierarchies; thus they are more likely than most to recognize alternative possibilities.
Remote associations test (RAT; Mednick)
A test that asks the participants to come up with a single association to link three apparently unrelated words.
