Chapter 12

Question 1

agricultural hearth

Answer 1

n. an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals

Question 2

agriculture

Answer 2

n. the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising of animals to produce goods for survival

Question 3

bid-rent theory

Answer 3

n. a theory that describes the relationships between land value, commercial location, and transportation (primarily in urban areas) using a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used to describe how land costs are determined

Question 4

central business district

Answer 4

n. the central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because the accessibility of the location attracts these services

Question 5

climate regions

Answer 5

n. an area that has similar climate patterns generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior

Question 6

clustered settlement

Answer 6

n. a rural settlement pattern in which residents live in close proximity to one another, with farmland and pasture land surrounding the settlement; also known as a nucleated settlement

Question 7

columbian exchange

Answer 7

n. the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas in 1492

Question 8

commercial agriculture

Answer 8

n. an agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase

Question 9

crop rotation

Answer 9

n. the varying of crops from year to year to allow for the restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil

Question 10

dispersed settlements

Answer 10

n. a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from one another, and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area

Question 11

domestication

Answer 11

n. the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics

Question 12

enclosure system

Answer 12

n. system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals, and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner

Question 13

extensive agriculture

Answer 13

n. an agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs

Question 14

fertile crescent

Answer 14

n. a hearth in Southwest Asia that forms an arc from the eastern Mediterranean coast up into what is now western Turkey and then south and east along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to western parts of modern Iran

Question 15

first agricultural revolution

Answer 15

n. the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11,000 years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture

Question 16

foragers

Answer 16

n. small, nomadic groups who had primarily plant-based diets and ate small animals or fish for protein

Question 17

genetically modified organisms

Answer 17

n. a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup

Question 18

intensive agriculture

Answer 18

n. an agricultural practice in which farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

Question 19

linear settlement

Answer 19

n. an agricultural practice in which farmers expend a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land

Question 20

market gardening

Answer 20

n. a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area

Question 21

mediterranean agriculture

Answer 21

n. an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats

Question 22

mixed crop and livestock systems

Answer 22

n. a type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit

Question 23

monocropping

Answer 23

n. the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally

Question 24

monoculture

Answer 24

n. the agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

Question 25

nomadic herding

Answer 25

n. a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the beat grazing(pastoral nomadism)

Question 26

pastoral nomadism

Answer 26

n. a type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the beat grazing(nomadic herding)

Question 27

plantation agriculture

Answer 27

n. a type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

Question 28

green revolution

Answer 28

n. movement beginning in the 1950s and 1960s in which scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops

Question 29

second agricultural revolution

Answer 29

n. a change in farming practices, marked by new tools and techniques, that diffused from Britain and the Low Countries starting in the early 18th century

Question 30

shifting cultivation

Answer 30

n. the agricultural practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two, then abandoning that land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated

Question 31

slash and burn

Answer 31

n. a method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown; often used when clearing land

Question 32

subsistence agriculture

Answer 32

n. an agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one’s family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock

Question 33

third agriculture revolution

Answer 33

n. a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and advances that began in the early 20th century and continues to the present day

Question 34

transhumance

Answer 34

n. the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter