Chapter 11 - What Drives Us

Question 1

motivations

Answer 1

arise from the interplay between nature (bodily push) and nurture (the ‘pulls’ from our thought processes and culture)

Question 2

four perspectives for motivated behaviour

Answer 2

instinct theory, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Abraham maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Question 3

instinct theory (evolutionary perspective)

Answer 3

focuses on genetically predisposed behaviour.

Question 4

instinct

Answer 4

a complex behaviour that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Question 5

drive reduction theory

Answer 5

focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes. the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Question 6

homeostasis

Answer 6

the maintenance of a steady internal state

Question 7

incentive

Answer 7

a postive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behaviour

Question 8

arousal theory

Answer 8

focuses on finding the right level of stimulation

Question 9

yerkes-dodson law

Answer 9

the Principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

Question 10

abraham maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

focuses on the priority of some needs over others. Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Question 11

glucose

Answer 11

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for the body tissues, when its level is low, we feel hunger

Question 12

arcuate nucleus

Answer 12

a centre that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones

Question 13

ghrelin

Answer 13

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach; sends ‘Im hungry’ to the brain

Question 14

insulin

Answer 14

hormone secreted by the pancreas; controls blood glucose

Question 15

leptin

Answer 15

protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decreases hunger

Question 16

orexin

Answer 16

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

Question 17

PYY

Answer 17

digestive tract hormone; send ‘Im not hungry’ signals to the brain

Question 18

set point

Answer 18

the point at which your ‘weight thermostat’ is supposedly set. when your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

Question 19

basal metabolic rate

Answer 19

the rate of energy expenditure for maintaining basic body functions when at rest

Question 20

neophobia

Answer 20

dislike of unfamiliar things

Question 21

ecology of eating

Answer 21

• presence of others tend to amplify our natural behaviour tendencies.
• you eat more if the portion is bigger
• If you have multiple options you may eat more

Question 22

asexual

Answer 22

having no sexual attraction to others

Question 23

testosterone

Answer 23

the most important of the male sex hormones. both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 24

estrogen

Answer 24

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. in nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

Question 25

the sexual response cycle; masters and johnson

Answer 25

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 26

excitement

Answer 26

genital areas become engorged with blood. clitoris and penis swell. breasts and nipples may enlarge

Question 27

plateau

Answer 27

breathing, pulse and blood pressure increase. penis is fully engorged and there may be fluid at the end (enough sperm for contraception). vaginal secretion continues to increase and her clitoris retracts

Question 28

orgasm

Answer 28

muscle contractions all over the body. a womens arousal and orgasm facilitate conception: propel semen, position the uterus and draw sperm inward. same regions of the brain are active in both men and women and same feeling of orgasm

Question 29

resolution

Answer 29

body slowly returns to its unaroused state as the genital blood vessels release their accumulated blood. it happens a lot quicker if an orgasm has happened

Question 30

refractory period

Answer 30

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Question 31

sexual dysfunction

Answer 31

a problem that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning

Question 32

female orgasmic disorder

Answer 32

distress due to infrequently or never experiencing an orgasm

Question 33

paraphilia

Answer 33

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviours, or urges involving non human objects, the suffering of self or others and/or non consenting people

Question 34

necrophilia

Answer 34

sexual attraction to corpses

Question 35

exhibitionism

Answer 35

get pleasure from exposing themselves sexually to others without consent

Question 36

pedophilia

Answer 36

experience sexual arousal toward children who haven’t entered puberty

Question 37

AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Answer 37

a life threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by HIV. AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to infections

Question 38

affiliation need

Answer 38

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

Question 39

ostracism

Answer 39

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

Question 40

narcissism

Answer 40

excessive self love and self absorption

Question 41

achievement motivation

Answer 41

a desire for a significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for control; and for attaining a high standard.

Question 42

grit

Answer 42

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals