Chapter 11: The Connected Mind [Exam 4]

Question 1

Halo Effects

Answer 1

Occur when one or a small number of characteristics have a large impact on an overall perception.

Question 2

Attribution

Answer 2

A judgement about the cause of a person’s behavior.

Question 3

Dispositional Attribution

Answer 3

A judgement assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to his or her personal qualities or characteristics.
Internal.

Question 4

Situational Attribution

Answer 4

A judgement assigning the cause of a person’s behavior to his or her environment.
External.

Question 5

Correspondence Bias

Answer 5

The tendency to view behavior as the result of disposition even when the behavior can be explained by the situation in which it occurs.
The willingness to infer a person’s disposition from his or her observed behavior, even when strong situational factors are obvious.
Expecting people’s behavior to correspond to their dispositions, even when the situation may be having a powerful efffect

Question 6

Fundamental Attribution Error

Answer 6

Neglecting situational variables in making attributions.
Says that the correspondence bias occurs because people completely fail to observe situational variables.
An over-estimation of dispositional contributions to the resulting observed behavior.

Question 7

Actor-Observer Bias/Self-Serving Bias

Answer 7

Occurs when we use situational variables to explain our own behavior while continuing to use dispositional variables to explain the behavior of others.
We are more likely to attribute our success to dispositional variables, and failure to situational variables.

Question 8

Just-World Belief

Answer 8

The assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.
You get what you deserve.

Question 9

Prejudice

Answer 9

A prejudgement, usually negative, of another person on the basis of his or her membership in a group.

Question 10

Stereotype

Answer 10

A simplified set of traits associated with membership in a group or category.

Question 11

Discrimination

Answer 11

Unfair behavior based on stereotyping and prejudice.

Question 12

Attitudes

Answer 12

Favorable or unfavorable evaluations that predispose behavior.
Pervasive.
Provide an efficient means of communication with others.
Share 3 basic elements: affect (emotion), behavior (response), and cognition beliefs).

Question 13

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 13

The uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes do not match and that can be resolved through attitude and change.
Produces an unpleasant state of arousal caused by a person’s feeling responsible for helping to bring about a negative event.

Question 14

Persuasion

Answer 14

A change in attitudes in response to information provided by another person.

Question 15

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 15

Organizes and predicts our responses to persuasive messages by recognizing two major pathways leading to changes in attitudes (central route vs. peripheral route).

Question 16

Social Norms

Answer 16

Usually unwritten or unspoken rules for behavior in social settings.
Can be explicit/conscious, or implicit/unconscious.

Question 17

Compliance

Answer 17

The person making the request has no authority over us.

Agreement with a request from a person with no perceived authority.

Question 18

Obediance

Answer 18

The request is coming from an authority figure.

Compliance with a request from an authority figure.

Question 19

Conformity

Answer 19

Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms.
Can be useful in ambiguous situations.
Reduced the risk of rejection by a social group.

Question 20

Reciprocation

Answer 20

When we feel obligated to give something back to people who have given something to us.

Question 21

Door-In-The-Face

Answer 21

A persuasive technique in which compliance with a target request is preceded by a large, unreasonable request.
The unreasonable demand results in a smaller request - the one the requester expects to work.

Question 22

Foot-In-The-Door

Answer 22

A persuasive technique in which compliance with a small request is followed by compliance with a larger request that might otherwise have been rejected.
Small request results in a larger request - effective in gaining compliance.