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PHYSICS 130 > CHAPTER 11: THE ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER > Flashcards

CHAPTER 11: THE ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER Flashcards

1
Q

The original philosopher who did not believe that matter was made from atoms was _.

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

Which statement abouts atoms is true?

A

Atoms cannot be seen with visible light.

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3
Q

When atoms of different elements bond to one another, they make a _.

A

compound

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4
Q

Atoms that don’t exist naturally in nature are normally created _.

A

in the laboratory with high energy atomic accelerators and nuclear reactors

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5
Q

The model of the atom that is most similar to the model of our solar system is the _.

A

nuclear model of the atom

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6
Q

Which is the correct arrangment of an atom?

A

A nucleus consisting of neutrons and protons surrounded by orbiting electrons.

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7
Q

In the early 1800s, this famous scientist was the first person to successfully revive the theory that matter was made from atoms.

A

John Dalton

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8
Q

Which statement about atoms is true?

A

Atoms cannot be seen with visible light.

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9
Q

Atoms are so small that there are _ atoms in a droplet of water.

A

10^23

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10
Q

Which of the following atomic particles are the lightest?

A

Electrons.

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11
Q

An element is _.

A

when a substance is composed of only one kind of atom

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12
Q

Elements are arranged by their atomic number and electrical arrangements in _.

A

the periodic table

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13
Q

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is known as the _.

A

mass number

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14
Q

Which of the following atomic particles make up an atom?

A

Electrons, neutrons, protons.

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15
Q

In which substance would atoms move around the fastest?

A

The atmosphere.

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16
Q

What determines the size of the electron shell’s diameter?

A

The amount of electric charge in the nucleus.

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17
Q

_ is the explanation of why grains of pollen, when suspended in water, constantly move and jumping about.

A

Brownian motion

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18
Q

A substance that is mixed together without chemically bonding is called a _.

A

mixture

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19
Q

In order for us to visualize what an atom looks like, scientists construct _.

A

models

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20
Q

An element’s atomic number refers to _.

A

the number of protons in the nucleus

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21
Q

The lightest and most abundant element in the universe is _.

A

hydrogen

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22
Q

Matter composed of negative nuclei and positive electrons is known as _.

A

antimatter

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23
Q

A _ is the smallest particle of a substance that consists of two or more atoms that bond together by sharing electrons.

A

molecule

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24
Q

Elements can have up to _ shells that hold electrons.

A

seven

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25
Q

An isotope is _.

A

an atom with a different number of protons than neutrons in the nucleus

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26
Q

Dark matter is considered to be _.

A

plentiful in the universe

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27
Q

How does one isotope differ from another?

A

It has a different number of neutrons.

28
Q

What does the atomic number of an element tell you about the element?

A

The number of protons in its nucleus.

29
Q

One neutron added to a helium nucleus results in _.

A

helium

30
Q

What occurs when a proton and an antiproton meet?

A

They annihilate each other.

31
Q

How does the electric charge of a proton compare with the electric charge of an electron?

A

It is equal and opposite.

32
Q

Which of the following is not an element: hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, water?

A

Water.

33
Q

Two protons removed from an oxygen nucleus result in _.

A

carbon

34
Q

What is a compound? Cite two examples.

A

Atoms of different elements with bonds between them: NaCl and H20

35
Q

An important feature of atoms is that they _.

A

have wave properties

36
Q

Brownian motion is caused by _.

A

particles larger than atoms bumping into them

37
Q

How does the approximate number of atoms in the air in your lungs compare with the number of breaths of air in Earth’s atmosphere?

A

The numbers are about the same, 10^23.

38
Q

Since atoms are mostly empty space, why don’t we fall through a floor we stand on?

A

Electrons in one atom repel the electrons in another.

39
Q

Rank: Magnesium, Niobium, Dubnium, Tantalum. Most to least by their mass.

A

Dubnium, Tantalum, Niobium, Magnesium.

40
Q

Rank: Magnesium, Niobium, Dubnium, Tantalum. Most to least by their number of electrons.

A

Dubnium, Tantalum, Niobium, Magnesium.

41
Q

Rank: Magnesium, Niobium, Dubnium, Tantalum. Most to least by their number of protons.

A

Dubnium, Tantalum, Niobium, Magnesium.

42
Q

To change mercury into gold, a pair of protons must be _.

A

neither added or removed from the mercury nucleus

43
Q

Why aren’t heavier elements much larger than lighter elements?

A

The larger positive charge in the nucleus pulls the electrons into closer orbits.

44
Q

What is the evidence that dark matter exists?

A

Gravitational forces within galaxies are too great to be accounted for with ordinary matter.

45
Q

Where in the atom is most of its mass concentrated? What is this mass composed of?

A

In the nucleus as protons and neutrons.

46
Q

Which of the following is an element?

A

Hydrogen.

47
Q

Which of the following are negatively charged?

A

Electrons.

48
Q

How does a molecule differ from an atom? Give an example.

A

A molecule is composed of two or more atoms bonded together: H20.

49
Q

Which of these atoms has the largest number of neutrons in the nucleus?

A

Gold.

50
Q

Distinguish between mass number and atomic mass.

A

Mass number is the number of nucleons; atomic mass is the total mass of an atom.

51
Q

The atomic masses of two isotopes of cobalt are 59 and 60. What is the number of protons in each?

A

27 protons.

52
Q

The atomic masses of two isotopes of cobalt are 59 and 60. What is the number of neutrons in each?

A

59-(32 neutrons) and 60-(33 neutrons).

53
Q

The atomic masses of two isotopes of cobalt are 59 and 60. What is the number of orbiting electrons in each when the isotopes are electrically neutral?

A

59-(27 electrons) and 60-(27 electrons).

54
Q

As the text cites, atoms are incredibly tiny, numerous, perpetually moving, and what else?

A

Ageless.

55
Q

To become a positive ion, does an atom lose or gain an electron?

A

Loses.

56
Q

What are the five most common elements in humans?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium.

57
Q

Why can’t atoms be seen with a powerful optical microscope?

A

Atoms are much smaller than a wavelength of light.

58
Q

The periodic table of the elements is a list of _.

A

atoms

59
Q

Under the microscope _.

A

specks of dust moving around

60
Q

Under the microscope why did the particles jiggle around?

A

The particles were struck by atoms, but unequally on different sides.

61
Q

If you place a Styrofoam cup on the table and a bunch of BBs move around it randomly, what will happen to the cup, and why?

A

The cup will move randomly in different directions because the BBs will exert unequal forces on the cup in different directions.

62
Q

What is the most abundant element in the known universe?

A

Hydrogen.

63
Q

What is a mixture? Cite two examples.

A

Atoms pressed together without bonding: air and salt and sand.

64
Q

Rank: Calcium, Strontium, Lithium, Oxygen. Most to least by their mass.

A

Strontium, Calcium, Oxygen, Lithium.

65
Q

Rank: Calcium, Strontium, Lithium, Oxygen. Most to least by their number of electrons.

A

Strontium, Calcium, Oxygen, Lithium.

66
Q

Rank: Calcium, Strontium, Lithium, Oxygen. Most to least by their number of protons.

A

Strontium, Calcium, Oxygen, Lithium.

PHYSICS 130 (7 decks)

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