Chapter 11: Pigments, Minerals and Cytoplasmic Granules Flashcards
In the Prussian Blue reaction for Iron, the incubating system uses:
Potassium ferrocyanide and dilute HCl (same with our Iron stain in lab).
A method recommended for demonstrating argentaffin granules (ex. in carcinoid tumors) is the:
The Fontana Masson, both for silver-binding molecules and for seeing how silver reduces to its metallic form.
What is a stain that can be used to demonstrate Calcium?
The Von Kossa with silver nitrate, even though it is an indirect method.
What pigment will reduce silver?
The formalin pigment is a reducing substance and may give a false positive with the Von Kossa and the Schmorl techniques.
What is a stain that will demonstrate urate crystals?
The methenamine silver technique.
A reducing or developing solution is used in which stain?
The Churukian-Shenk technique.
What does the Churukian-Shenk technique demonstrate?
Argyrophil granules.
What is Rhodanine used to demonstrate?
Copper.
An aid to the definite identification of anthracotic pigment is the:
Insolubility in concentrated sulfuric acid.
When the content of tissue is to be examined by microincineration, the recommended fixative would be:
A non-aqueous fixative, such as formalin alcohol.
Argentaffin granules present in cells of the GI tract are best preserved with which fixative?
10% NBF.
The end-product in the Prussian blue reaction is:
Ferric ferrocyanide.
The Turnbull stain is used for the detection of:
Ferrous iron.
Red blood cells are very eosinophilic because:
Their high content of hemoglobin stains well with acid dyes.
Why should alcoholic fixatives not be used for argentaffin granules?
Because they are soluble in alcohol.
Melanin can be demonstrated with the:
The Schmorl reaction.
A good control for the Schmorl technique would be:
Small intestine.
The end product in the Schmorl reaction is:
Turnbull blue.
Why is small intestine a good control for the Schmorl technique?
Because of its high concentration of argentaffin cells.
The preferred fixative for the Churukian-Shenk technique would be:
NBF.
A tissue frequently used as a control for the Fontana-Masson technique is:
Skin.
Why is skin commonly used as a control for the Fontana-Masson technique?
Because of the high melanin granule content.
In the Hall technique, bilirubin is oxidized to biliverdin by:
Fouchet reagent.
In the Grimelius technique, what substances will be demonstrated?
Substances that can bind to silver but need a chemical reducer.
What are argyrophil substances?
Substances that can bind to silver but that need a chemical reducer to do so.
What is the preferred fixative for the Fontana-Masson technique?
NBF.
What is a good tissue for the Grimelius technique?
Small intestine.
The Churukian-Shenk technique will demonstrate substances that:
Substances that bind to silver but that need a reducing agent (argyrophilic)
An argentaffin substance that is present in some tissues is:
Melanin.
The control for the Hall stain must contain:
Bile pigment.
How can urate crystals be visualized?
By using polarized light.
What is a good control tissue for iron?
Spleen.
Fouchet reagent is used for the demonstration of:
Bile pigments.
The preferred fixative for a gouty trophus would be:
Absolute alcohol.
The Fontana-Masson technique will demonstrate substances that can:
Both bind and reduce silver.
Pigment lying on top of the tissue is most likely:
Artifact.
Polarized light can be used to assist in the identification of what pigment:
Formalin pigment because it is not birefringent.
Bile will be stained emerald green in which stain?
The Hall technique.
A good control for the Lindquist rhodanine technique is fetal:
Liver.
A substance that can both bind and reduce silver is called:
Argentaffin substances.
The Schmorl technique demonstrates substances that are known as:
Reducing substances.
Methenamine silver is often used in the demonstration of:
Urates.
Melanin present in tissue can be bleached with the use of:
Potassium permanganate.
Chromaffin granules are often found in what kind of tissue?
The cells of the adrenal gland.
What is a breakdown product of hemoglobin?
Bile.
Sections of bone marrow reveal no iron stores when stained with the Prussian blue. What happened?
The tissue was likely decalcified with a strong acid.
When viewed with a light microscope, a 5 micron section from tissue from a gouty trophus fails to reveal anything when the Gomori stain is used. What happened?
The tissue was not fixed in absolute alcohol.
Sections of skin stained with the Fontana-Masson show dark black melanosomes and dirty gray staining of both the squamous epithelium and collagen. What happened?
Prolonged incubation in the silver solution.
A section of ileum stained with the Fontana-Masson shows a marked black precipitate on top of the section. What happened?
The glassware was not chemically cleaned.
A section of ileum stained with the Grimelius technique does not demonstrate any positively stained cells. What happened?
The developer used was too old.
When viewed with the light microscope, a 5 micron section from tissue known to contain a gouty trophus fails to reveal any staining with the methenamine silver. The presence of the trophus would be verified using what kind of microscope?
A polarizing light microscope.
Control sections stained with the Prussian blue reaction shows diffuse blue staining, and the solution is also blue. What happened?
The staining jar was likely contaminated.
On x-ray, a breast biopsy revealed areas of microcalcification. Multiple sections of the parrafin embedded tissue stained with H&E and Von-Kossa fail to demonstrate these areas. What happened?
The tissue was likely fixed in Bouin which would remove these calficications.
Sections of fetal liver were cut at 3 microns, stained with rhodamine for 18 hours at 37C and then counterstained with Mayer hematoxylin. Very light copper can be seen when the slides are examined microscopically. What happened?
The sections were cut too thin, they should be cut at 6-9 microns.
In her clinical studies, a student has prepared Fouchet reagent with acetic acid and ferric chloride for the demonstration of bile. Microscopic examination of the stained slides reveals a negative result. What happened?
The Fouchet reagent should have been prepared with ferric chloride and trichloroacetic acid.
What section type would a stain for simple lipids be performed on?
Frozen sections.
What is the toughest connective tissue fiber?
Collagen.
What is the only hematogenous pigment found in normal rbcs?
Hemoglobin.
What method involves the use of the reduction of ferrous ions followed by the precipitation with the Turnbull blue reaction?
The Schmorl technique.
In the Gomori aldehyde fuchsin technique, what color are the elastic fibers stained?
Violet-purple.
What special stain can demonstrate urate crystals?
The modified GMS.
What is a method that will selectively stain astrocytes in frozen sections?
The Cajal gold sublimate technique.
What is an argyrophil stain that will demonstrate both neurofibrils and neurosecretory granules?
The Sevier-Munger technique.
What is another name for agentaffin cells?
Endocrine cells or Kulchitsky cells.
What acts as the differentiating agent in the Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG)?
Ferric chloride.
What is the staining mechanism in which metallic substances are selectively deposited on structures and made visible by the reduction of that metal?
The impregnation method.
Entamoeba histolytica can be demonstrated by the use of which stain?
The PAS stain.
In the Gomori 1-step trichrome stain (on the automatic machine, but not our trichrome), what color does the collagen stain?
Collagen stains green.
In humans, nonkeritanizing stratified squamous epithelium is found covering and lining what organ?
The esophagus.
What stain works really well on the cytoplasmic granules in connective tissue mast cells?
Toludine blue, but the Giemsa works as well.
What is the counterstain for the VVG?
It contains picric acid, but is formally called the VVG working solution.
What are the granules found in cells of the adrenal medulla that are preserved ONLY when fixed in Orth solution?
Chromaffin cells.
Microscopic evaluation of an H&E stained brain section reveals basophilic material in the cytoplasm of the neurons. What is this material?
The rough endoplasmic material of cells, specifically all of the ribosomes in it.
What technique is a modified Bodian technique that uses an NBF impregnating solution to increase the specificity of the stain?
The Holmes technique.
What stain is dependent on differences of bacterial cell wall for differential staining?
The Gram stain.
