Chapter 11 (Nervous System)

Question 1

What are the two principal parts of the nervous system?

Answer 1

Central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside CNS

Question 2

What are the three types of neurons

Answer 2

Sensory neurons
Transmit information to CNS

Interneurons
Transit information between components of the CNS

Motor Neurons
Neurons found in PNS which transmit information away from CNS

Question 3

What are the three parts of a neuron?

Answer 3

Cell body

Dendrites

Axon

Question 4

Function of cell body?

Answer 4

Main part of cell with nucleus

Question 5

Function of Dendrites?

Answer 5

Small extensions of the cell body which recieve incoming information

Question 6

Function of axon?

Answer 6

Long slender extensions to conduct electrical impulses away from cell body

Question 7

What is the function of the NA/K pump?

Answer 7

Establishes and maintains resting potential.

Question 8

What is resting potential?

Answer 8

Measurable difference in voltage in a resting cell

Question 9

What is depolarizing graded potential?

Answer 9

Membraine potential becomes more positive.

Question 10

What is an action potential?

Answer 10

Several graded potentials add up to threshold which results in action potential.

Question 11

What does it mean when we say action potentials are all or none?

Answer 11

If threshold is achieved an action potential will happen.

Question 12

What is self propagating?

Answer 12

Lighting a stick. Continues to self propagate itself.

Question 13

Are all action potentials equal in strength?

Answer 13

Yes

But a stronger stimulus creates more action potentials than a weaker one.

Question 14

What do neuroglial cells do?

Answer 14

Support and protect neurons

Question 15

What are the two types of neuroglial cells?

Answer 15

Schwann Cells
Form myelin sheaths in PNS

Oligodendrocites
Form myelin sheaths in CNS

Question 16

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 16

Jumping from one bare area of axon to next

Question 17

What is a synapse?

Answer 17

Special junction between end of one axon and the next cell.

Question 18

What are 4 steps during synaptic transmission?

Answer 18

1. Axon potential arrives at axon terminus causing CO2 to diffuse into axon bulb
2. Ca2+ causes release of neurotransmitter from vesicles
3. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on target (postsynaptic) membrane and opens gated channels
4. Graded potentials result from Na+ diffusion through opened channels.

Question 19

15. What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 19

Excitatory
-depolarize cell

Inhibitory
Hyperpolarize cell

Question 20

What is a nerve?

Answer 20

Axons of many neurons wrapped together in a sheath

Question 21

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves do we have?

Answer 21

12 cranial and 31 spinal

Question 22

What is a spinal reflex?

Answer 22

Behaviors produced by the CNS that lie entirely in the spinal cord

Question 23

What are the two divisions of the autonomic motor nervous system?

Answer 23

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 24

What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the body?

Answer 24

Increases heart rate and breathing rate

Raises blood pressure

Slows digestion and urine production

Question 25

What are the effects of the parasympathetic division on the body?

Answer 25

Decreased heart rate and respiration Increased digestion

Question 26

What are the 4 ways the CNS is protected?

Answer 26

Bone Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Blood brain barrier

Question 27

What is the difference between white matter and gray matter?

Answer 27

White matter is on the outside of the spinal cord and gray matter is in the center of it

Question 28

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

Answer 28

Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

Question 29

What is the oldest most primitive part of the brain?

Answer 29

Hindbrain

Question 30

What are the three basic parts of the hindbrain? What is the function of each part?

Answer 30

Medulla Oblongota -Connects to spinal cord -Controls vital automatic functions of internal organs Cardiovascular center and respiratory center Motor nerves crossover in the Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum Controls basic body movements Stores and replicates skilled movement sequences such as swinging a bat Pons Acts as a bridge connecting Medulla and Cerebellum to higher portions of brain

Question 31

What is the function of the midbrain?

Answer 31

Coordinates movements of the head related to vision and hearing. Controls number of reflexes

Question 32

What are the 4 parts of the forebrain?

Answer 32

Hypothalamus Thalamus Limbic System Cerebrum

Question 33

Hypothalamus function

Answer 33

Regulates homeostasis

Question 34

Thalamus function

Answer 34

Receiving processing and transfer center

Question 35

Limbic system

Answer 35

Pathways involved in emotions and memories

Question 36

Cerebrum

Answer 36

Language decision making

Question 37

What is the structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

Answer 37

Corpus Collosum