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Human Biology > Chapter 11 (Nervous System) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 (Nervous System) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two principal parts of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside CNS

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2
Q

What are the three types of neurons

A

Sensory neurons
Transmit information to CNS

Interneurons
Transit information between components of the CNS

Motor Neurons
Neurons found in PNS which transmit information away from CNS

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3
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body

Dendrites

Axon

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4
Q

Function of cell body?

A

Main part of cell with nucleus

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5
Q

Function of Dendrites?

A

Small extensions of the cell body which recieve incoming information

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6
Q

Function of axon?

A

Long slender extensions to conduct electrical impulses away from cell body

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7
Q

What is the function of the NA/K pump?

A

Establishes and maintains resting potential.

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8
Q

What is resting potential?

A

Measurable difference in voltage in a resting cell

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9
Q

What is depolarizing graded potential?

A

Membraine potential becomes more positive.

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10
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Several graded potentials add up to threshold which results in action potential.

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11
Q

What does it mean when we say action potentials are all or none?

A

If threshold is achieved an action potential will happen.

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12
Q

What is self propagating?

A

Lighting a stick. Continues to self propagate itself.

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13
Q

Are all action potentials equal in strength?

A

Yes

But a stronger stimulus creates more action potentials than a weaker one.

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14
Q

What do neuroglial cells do?

A

Support and protect neurons

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15
Q

What are the two types of neuroglial cells?

A

Schwann Cells
Form myelin sheaths in PNS

Oligodendrocites
Form myelin sheaths in CNS

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16
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Jumping from one bare area of axon to next

17
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Special junction between end of one axon and the next cell.

18
Q

What are 4 steps during synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Axon potential arrives at axon terminus causing CO2 to diffuse into axon bulb
  2. Ca2+ causes release of neurotransmitter from vesicles
  3. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on target (postsynaptic) membrane and opens gated channels
  4. Graded potentials result from Na+ diffusion through opened channels.
19
Q
  1. What is the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters?
A

Excitatory
-depolarize cell

Inhibitory
Hyperpolarize cell

20
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Axons of many neurons wrapped together in a sheath

21
Q

How many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves do we have?

A

12 cranial and 31 spinal

22
Q

What is a spinal reflex?

A

Behaviors produced by the CNS that lie entirely in the spinal cord

23
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic motor nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

24
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the body?

A

Increases heart rate and breathing rate

Raises blood pressure

Slows digestion and urine production

25
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic division on the body?

A

Decreased heart rate and respiration

Increased digestion

26
Q

What are the 4 ways the CNS is protected?

A

Bone

Meninges

Cerebrospinal fluid

Blood brain barrier

27
Q

What is the difference between white matter and gray matter?

A

White matter is on the outside of the spinal cord and gray matter is in the center of it

28
Q

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

A

Hindbrain

Midbrain

Forebrain

29
Q

What is the oldest most primitive part of the brain?

A

Hindbrain

30
Q

What are the three basic parts of the hindbrain? What is the function of each part?

A

Medulla Oblongota
-Connects to spinal cord
-Controls vital automatic functions of internal organs
Cardiovascular center and respiratory center

Motor nerves crossover in the Medulla Oblongata

Cerebellum
Controls basic body movements
Stores and replicates skilled movement sequences such as swinging a bat

Pons
Acts as a bridge connecting Medulla and Cerebellum to higher portions of brain

31
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Coordinates movements of the head related to vision and hearing.

Controls number of reflexes

32
Q

What are the 4 parts of the forebrain?

A

Hypothalamus

Thalamus

Limbic System

Cerebrum

33
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Regulates homeostasis

34
Q

Thalamus function

A

Receiving processing and transfer center

35
Q

Limbic system

A

Pathways involved in emotions and memories

36
Q

Cerebrum

A

Language

decision making

37
Q

What is the structure that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

Corpus Collosum

Human Biology (8 decks)

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